Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

This week, you will create an educational item about dangerous drug interactions. Choose two drugs from different categories of drugs that we have studied thus far in the course that can have a dangerous reaction if taken incorrectly. Research the drugs’ interactions with other drugs, including OTC medications, and alcohol. Please note that you may not choose the same drug that you are using for your medication research paper for this assignment.
For this assignment:

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Create an educational item that describes/displays the dangers associated with the chosen drugs.
This educational item can be in any format, so be creative. For example, you can create a pamphlet/brochure, a flyer, an infographic, a newsletter, etc. (at least one page)
Also include a one page summary as to why you chose the drugs and how you would use this educational item in practice. Make sure to cite your sources using APA formatting. You should include at least two scholarly sources.Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay
Websites with free software for building creative items that you can then download as a PDF:
Canva
My Creative Shop
Vengage
Lucidpress
Note: WCU is not responsible for these websites. You do not have to use any of them; this is only a list to provide options. You can use any software you have available in which you are most comfortable and can be downloaded as a PDF for assignment submission.
Presents a solid analysis on how to educate the community on dangerous drug interactions, taking into consideration technology and language barriers. Includes a detailed plan on how to use the educational item in practice.

The visual aid submitted represents a thorough understanding of the dangerous drug interaction education plan. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

Background: Drug interactions can have desired, reduced or unwanted effects. The probability of interactions increases with the number of drugs taken. The high rate of prescribed drugs in elderly patients (65-year-old patients take an average of 5 drugs) increases the likelihood of drug interactions and thus the risk that drugs themselves can be the cause of hospitalization. According to meta-analyses, up to 7% of hospitalizations are drug-related. Methods: Selective literature review. Results: Drug interactions occur on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels. Examples of pharmacodynamic interactions are simultaneous administration of a NSAID and phenprocoumon (additive interaction), or of aspirin and ibuprofen (antagonistic interaction). Pharmacokinetic interactions occur at the levels of absorption (e.g., levothyroxine and neutralizing antacids), elimination (e.g., digoxin and macrolides), and metabolism, as in the competition for cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., SSRIs and certain beta-blockers). Conclusion: The systematic knowledge of drug interaction, in particular on the level of absorption, elimination, transport and drug metabolism may help to prevent adverse effects. Predicting pharmacodynamic interactions often demands a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of effect. Electronic prescribing systems are helpful.

A drug interaction has occurred when the administration of one drug alters the clinical effects of another. The result may be an increase or decrease in either the beneficial or harmful effects of the second agent. Although the number of potential interacting drug combinations is very large only a small number are relevant in clinical practice. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

Harmful drug interactions are most likely to occur when the affected drug has a:

Low therapeutic index meaning that only a small increase in plasma concentration may cause toxic effects
Steep dose-response curve meaning that a small change in plasma concentration leads to a significant increase in pharmacodynamic effect (where a small increase in dose results in a large increase in plasma level)
High first-pass metabolism because these are drugs that are extensively metabolised in the liver or gastrointestinal tract and are therefore sensitive to the effects of metabolic inhibition or induction
Single mechanism of elimination (e.g. renal clearance, cytochrome metabolism) meaning that the interacting drug can cause a significant increase in plasma concentration.

In the largest and most comprehensive study of its kind, the Tribune tested 255 pharmacies to see how often stores would dispense dangerous drug pairs without warning patients. Fifty-two percent of the pharmacies sold the medications without mentioning the potential interaction, striking evidence of an industrywide failure that places millions of consumers at risk.

CVS, the nation’s largest pharmacy retailer by store count, had the highest failure rate of any chain in the Tribune tests, dispensing the medications with no warning 63 percent of the time. Walgreens, one of CVS’ main competitors, had the lowest failure rate at 30 percent — but that’s still missing nearly 1 in 3 interactions. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

In response to the Tribune tests, CVS, Walgreens and Wal-Mart each vowed to take significant steps to improve patient safety at its stores nationwide. Combined, the actions affect 22,000 drugstores and involve additional training for 123,000 pharmacists and technicians.

“There is a very high sense of urgency to pursue this issue and get to the root cause,” said Tom Davis, CVS’ vice president of pharmacy professional services.

CVS, which filled about 1 billion prescriptions last year, said the company would improve policies and its computer system to “dramatically” increase warnings to patients.

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Walgreens said it would, among other changes, increase training for pharmacists. “We take this very seriously,” said Rex Swords, Walgreens’ vice president of pharmacy and retail operations and planning.

How the Tribune conducted the tests
INVESTIGATIONS
How the Tribune conducted the tests

To determine how often area pharmacies would dispense potentially dangerous drug pairs without warning customers, the Tribune launched what would become the

DEC 14, 2016 AT 11:51 PM
Dangerous drug combinations are a major public health problem, hospitalizing tens of thousands of people each year. Pharmacists are the last line of defense, and their role is growing as Americans use more prescription drugs than ever. One in 10 people take five or more drugs — twice the percentage seen in 1994.

Some pharmacists who were tested got it right, coming to the counter to issue stern warnings. “You’ll be on the floor. You can’t have the two together,” said one pharmacist at a Walgreens on Chicago’s Northwest Side. Said a Kmart pharmacist in Rockford: “I’ve seen people go to the hospital on this combination.” Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

But in test after test, other pharmacists dispensed dangerous drug pairs at a fast-food pace, with little attention paid to customers. They failed to catch combinations that could trigger a stroke, result in kidney failure, deprive the body of oxygen or lead to unexpected pregnancy with a risk of birth defects.

Tribune reporters presented pharmacies with prescriptions for drugs that are known to be harmful or even fatal if taken together, but 52 percent of the time the prescriptions were filled without warning.
Tribune reporters presented pharmacies with prescriptions for drugs that are known to be harmful or even fatal if taken together, but 52 percent of the time the prescriptions were filled without warning. (E. Jason Wambsgans / Chicago Tribune)
Location didn’t matter: Failures occurred in poor neighborhoods on the South Side as well as in affluent suburbs and the Gold Coast. Even the Walgreens at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in downtown Chicago failed its test.

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The newspaper also tested independent pharmacies, many of which take pride in providing personalized care. As a group, they had a higher failure rate than any retail chain, missing risky drug interactions 72 percent of the time. Chains overall failed 49 percent of their tests.

The Tribune study, two years in the making, exposes fundamental flaws in the pharmacy industry. Safety laws are not being followed, computer alert systems designed to flag drug interactions either don’t work or are ignored, and some pharmacies emphasize fast service over patient safety. Several chain pharmacists, in interviews, described assembly-line conditions in which staff hurried to fill hundreds of prescriptions a day. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

Wal-Mart, operator of 4,500 U.S. pharmacies, failed 43 percent of its tests. The company said it would update and improve its pharmacy alert system and train pharmacists on the changes.

Kmart failed 60 percent of the tests. Phil Keough, pharmacy president for Sears Holdings, which owns Kmart, said he was disappointed with the results. “While not happy, we also take this as an opportunity to look in the mirror and see where we can get better,” he said.

Costco, a membership warehouse club whose pharmacies are open to the general public, failed 60 percent of the tests; the company declined to comment.

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The Tribune also tested two Chicago-area chains: Jewel-Osco, which failed 43 percent of the time, and Mariano’s, 37 percent.

Jewel-Osco declined an interview request and instead emailed the Tribune a one-sentence written statement: “Osco pharmacists have a history of providing knowledgeable, exemplary care to our customers and their health, well-being and safety is our primary concern.” Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

Mariano’s also declined to answer questions. The chain said in a written statement: “None of our pharmacists are intentionally disregarding drug interactions or patient safety.”

The chain wrote, “Our pharmacists look at each patient profile which includes patient history, allergy profile, pre-existing conditions and other factors such as age, all of which must be considered when assessing the potential for a drug interaction.”

But in the Tribune tests, pharmacists at Mariano’s stores rarely asked for all of that information.

Last line of defense
In the fight to protect patients from dangerous drug interactions, doctors shoulder significant responsibility. They are the ones who write the prescriptions. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

But one physician may not know what another has prescribed, and research has found that doctors’ knowledge about specific interactions is often poor.

In filling prescriptions, pharmacists are uniquely positioned to detect potential drug interactions, warn patients and prevent harm. Pharmacists themselves say that is one of their primary duties.

Yet little data exists about how well they perform in real-world situations.

The Tribune set out to find the answer. To select drug pairs to be used in the tests, the newspaper enlisted the help of two leading experts on drug interactions: pharmacy professors Daniel Malone of the University of Arizona and John Horn of the University of Washington. Five pairs were chosen, three of which posed life-threatening risks. Another could cause patients to pass out. A fifth included an oral contraceptive and could lead to unplanned pregnancies. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

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According to the two experts, all of the drugs had been on the market for years, and the pairs presented well-established interactions that pharmacists should easily catch. “No-brainers,” Horn called them.

Writing the prescriptions was Dr. Steven C. Fox, a Chicago physician who treats many elderly patients on multiple medications. He knew the risks of interactions firsthand.

Fox wrote the prescriptions in the names of 18 Tribune journalists, 15 of whom conducted tests in the field. They presented the prescriptions written in their names or, in some instances, their colleagues’ names. The reporters tested 30 stores at each of seven leading chains as well as numerous independent pharmacies. Most stores were in the Chicago area; some were in Indiana, Wisconsin and Michigan.

Reporters presented the prescriptions together or a couple of days apart, then waited to see if the orders would be filled.

Deepak Chande, a former head CVS pharmacist in southwest suburban Worth, says pressure is intense to fill prescriptions quickly. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay
Deepak Chande, a former head CVS pharmacist in southwest suburban Worth, says pressure is intense to fill prescriptions quickly. (E. Jason Wambsgans / Chicago Tribune)
In Illinois, pharmacists who detect a serious interaction must contact the prescribing doctor to see if the order is correct or if an alternative therapy is available, according to the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation. Pharmacists are then supposed to alert the patient.

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Carmen Catizone, executive director of the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, said the professional standard is clear. “Anytime there’s a serious interaction, there’s no excuse for the pharmacist not warning the patient about that interaction,” he said.

In the Tribune study, a test was considered a pass if the pharmacist attempted to contact Fox about the interaction or warned the reporter.

Drug information leaflets placed inside the bag or stapled to the outside were not considered sufficient to warrant a pass. Illinois regulators said these materials typically are not adequate replacements for verbal warnings; some of the materials don’t warn about specific interactions, and experts say patients frequently throw out the leaflets without reading them. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

After the tests, reporters called many of the pharmacists to inform them of the results and to discuss the findings.

Why were so many pharmacies missing dangerous drug combinations?

Speed vs. safety
Mayuri Patel, a pharmacist at a Wal-Mart in west suburban Northlake, said she typically fills 200 prescriptions in a nine-hour shift, or one every 2.7 minutes.

At another Wal-Mart where she was trained, it was even busier, she said: “We were doing 600 a day with two pharmacists with 10-hour shifts.” That works out to one prescription every two minutes.

In the Tribune tests, she caught a potentially deadly drug pair, warning the reporter at the counter: “This is a common interaction.”

It is difficult to say why so many pharmacists failed the same test, but interviews and studies point to a possible explanation: the emphasis on speed.

Several stores dispensed risky drug pairs with no warning in less than 15 minutes. At a Kmart in Valparaiso, Ind., it was 12 minutes. At an independent pharmacy on the North Side, it was five.

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The Tribune found that pharmacists frequently race through legally required drug safety reviews — or skip them altogether. According to Illinois law, pharmacies are required to conduct several safety checks, including whether the dose is reasonable and whether the medication might interact with other drugs the patient is taking. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

But in the Tribune tests, pharmacies rarely asked what other medications testers were using.

“They’re cutting corners where they think they can cut,” said Bob Stout, president of the New Hampshire Board of Pharmacy, which sampled data from two retail chains in the state and found that pharmacists spent an average of 80 seconds on safety checks for each prescription filled.

“What happens, I found on the board, is people stop doing (safety) reviews,” Stout said. “They’re not going in looking at patient records.”

Pharmacist Audrey Galal recognized the danger when presented with a pair of prescriptions at the independent Mexicare Pharmacy in Chicago’s Pilsen neighborhood and did not dispense the drugs.
Pharmacist Audrey Galal recognized the danger when presented with a pair of prescriptions at the independent Mexicare Pharmacy in Chicago’s Pilsen neighborhood and did not dispense the drugs. (E. Jason Wambsgans / Chicago Tribune)
Most pharmacies use computer software designed to flag drug interactions. But experts say computer alerts are so common that pharmacists can get “alert fatigue” and ignore many of the warnings. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

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At the same time, chain pharmacies are increasingly promoting quick service. Drive-through windows are now common, and services like CVS’ walk-in MinuteClinics appeal to consumers’ preference for speed.

These efforts may send a message to patients that speed is more important than quality health care. Patients have internalized that message and feel entitled to short wait times, pharmacists said.

“The patient will get mad if you call the doctor and take time,” said Sadia Shuja, a pharmacist at Skypoint Pharmacy in Schaumburg who caught a dangerous drug pair in the Tribune tests. “Sometimes they think it is fast food.”

To ease workload, most pharmacies employ technicians to manage tasks that require less medical expertise.

Arsen Mysllinj, a Kmart pharmacist in Rockford who passed the Tribune test, said technicians at his store and others often screen for drug interactions after entering patients’ drug orders into a computer. If interactions appear, he said, the technicians are trained to print out the warning on the screen and hand it to a pharmacist. It would be better, he said, for pharmacists to do the screening.

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Kmart said that in light of the test results, it would review its relevant policies, computer systems and training programs. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

Unionized pharmacists, including those in Illinois, have periodically pushed for minimum staffing rules, but those efforts have not gone far. Some pharmacists say time spent pitching company promotions could be better spent on patient safety.

In the Tribune tests, the majority of Kmart pharmacists dispensed risky drug combinations without warning testers. But several did take time to try to enroll the reporters in the company’s savings program.

‘Scorecard’ pressures
At CVS, prompt service isn’t just a vague goal. It is a carefully measured metric that the chain uses, along with other assessments, to grade its pharmacies and rank them against one another, records and interviews show.

Several current or former CVS pharmacists criticized the practice, saying it pressures them to focus more on corporate criteria than on drug interactions and other safety checks.

“You get stressed, and it takes your mind away from the actual prescriptions,” said Chuck Zuraitis, head pharmacist at a CVS in south suburban Park Forest and a union steward for Teamsters Local 727, which represents 130 CVS pharmacists in the Chicago area. His pharmacy was not among those tested.

Performance and business metrics are common at big chain pharmacies and in other industries. Supporters say they make companies more efficient and responsive to customers.

In 2012, the nonprofit Institute for Safe Medication Practices conducted a national survey of 673 pharmacists and found that nearly two-thirds worked at stores that track the time it takes to fill prescriptions. About 25 percent worked at companies that guaranteed short wait times. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

Of the pharmacists at stores that advertised quick service, 4 in 10 said they had made a medication error as a result of hurrying to fill a prescription within a set time.

In 2013, the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy called on states to prohibit, restrict or regulate company policies that measure the speed of pharmacists’ work. But, the association says, little has changed in state law.

Internal CVS records obtained by the Tribune show that the company tracks numerous pharmacist tasks, including whether prescriptions are filled in the time promised to customers and whether voicemails are retrieved in a timely fashion.

“Every prescription is timed,” said Deepak Chande, a former head pharmacist at a CVS in southwest suburban Worth, “and this is the worst of the pharmacist’s nightmares.”

If pharmacists fall behind, the backlog pops up in color on their computer screens, said Chande, also a former union steward. “It’s an unreal pressure,” he said. “Your mind is kind of frantically trying to obey it.”

CVS officials declined to be interviewed about metrics but issued a statement and answered questions in writing. The company said prescriptions do not have to be filled quickly, but it expects pharmacists to have medications ready by the time promised to the customer.

Records show that head pharmacists receive a monthly “WeCARE Scorecard” that tracks the percentage of prescriptions filled by the times promised. The pharmacies are ranked by district, by region and nationwide. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

CVS’ computer system prioritizes prescriptions based on patients’ requested pickup times, with preference given to customers with urgent needs — for instance, someone on his way home from the hospital after surgery. Pharmacists can reset a promised pickup time if they think it cannot be met, the company wrote.

The color indicators on computer screens are meant to help pharmacists with prioritizing their work, CVS said. The company also wrote that several years ago it removed a red indicator for prescriptions that had gone beyond the promised pickup time because pharmacists “felt the color red denoted something negative or alarming.”

“We switched to an ‘orange’ indicator to inform a pharmacy team which prescriptions may not be ready before a customer’s expected arrival time,” CVS wrote.

Another CVS metric, documents show, tracks how many patients sign up for automatic refills. Zuraitis said posters on pharmacy walls record how many flu shots have been administered. “You feel like you’re trying to sell people something,” he said. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

CVS said automatic refills help patients stay on schedule with the drugs they need to treat chronic conditions. The company said it measures the number of flu vaccinations offered to customers to help support the recommendation by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that people receive a flu shot annually.

At Walgreens, officials said the company collects business metrics as a way to monitor staffing levels and service. The firm said it does not use them in a manner that emphasizes productivity over patient safety.

Alethea Little, a Walgreens pharmacist in west suburban Forest Park who properly warned a tester, said metrics are no excuse for missing drug interactions.

“Our flu shot goal is 10 a day, 12 a day, 50 a day,” she said. “And the phone rings off the hook. You just got to do what you got to do, essentially.”

Squeezed by chains
Independent pharmacies face a different kind of pressure: intense competition from the big chains.

B.M. Patel, a pharmacist for 40 years who owns Riteway Pharmacy on Chicago’s Northwest Side, missed the test interaction but didn’t make excuses. “It was a mistake,” he said. “Maybe I should be paying more attention.” Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

But he also said small pharmacies know that if they don’t fill a prescription, the customer might simply go to a nearby chain store. Business at his store, he said, “is not good. I can still survive, but not too long. We don’t really know how long it’s going to last.”

The number of independent stores has been shrinking nationwide. In Illinois, the number dropped about 9 percent from 689 in 2013 to 624 last year, according to the National Community Pharmacists Association.

Several independents tested by the Tribune looked like classic drugstores, offering medications alongside greeting cards, stuffed animals and candy bars. Others were less inviting. One dispensed drugs behind a thick window; at another, a reporter had to knock several times to gain entry.

In Chicago’s Pilsen neighborhood, independent pharmacist Audrey Galal passed her test while working at a Mexicare Pharmacy, a small storefront on a block of brick buildings. The store is in the process of closing, she said, in part because of competition from chains.

Galal said she did not think small drugstores would knowingly sell harmful medications, but they might be reluctant to turn away business.

“These pharmacists are acting like businesspeople, just trying to keep their pharmacies afloat instead of being clinicians,” said Galal, who now works at a Mexicare in Little Village.

Andy Politis, a pharmacist and part owner of Oakmill Pharmacy in north suburban Niles who passed the test, said he was surprised how many independents failed. “The independent guys should be better because they don’t have the same pressure as the big stores with so many prescriptions,” he said. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay

B. Douglas Hoey, chief executive of the national community pharmacists group, said the results were alarming. “It’s something that shouldn’t happen — both for chains and independents,” he said. “Even one is too many.”

Several independents said the findings prompted them to make changes. After failing its test, Summit Medical Pharmacy in the southwest suburbs beefed up internal checks and worked with a software company to ensure that even minor drug interactions are detected. Dangerous Drug Interaction Project Pharmacology Essay