Health Informatics

Kathryn J. Hannah Pamela Hussey Margaret A. Kennedy Marion J. Ball Editors

Introduction to Nursing Informatics Fourth Edition

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Health Informatics

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/1114

NURSING – Data privacy and security discussion

Kathryn J. Hannah • Pamela Hussey Margaret A. Kennedy • Marion J. Ball Editors

Introduction to Nursing Informatics

Fourth Edition

ISBN 978-1-4471-2998-1 ISBN 978-1-4471-2999-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-2999-8 Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014955372

© Springer-Verlag London 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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Editors Kathryn J. Hannah, PhD, RN Calgary Alberta Canada

Pamela Hussey, RN, RCN, MEd, MSc, PhD Dublin City University Dublin Ireland

Margaret A. Kennedy, RN, BScN, MN, PhD, CPHIMS-CA, PMP, PRINCE2 Practitioner Global Village Consulting Inc Merigomish Nova Scotia Canada

Marion J. Ball, EdD, FACMI, AMIA IBM Research Center for Healthcare Management Baltimore , MD USA

The authors of this book share many passions and values. The strongest of these is the incomparable value of family and friends. We dedicate this new edition to our family, friends, and wonderful colleagues for their generosity of support and inspiration.

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Series Preface

The Health Informatics Series is directed to healthcare professionals who are lead- ing the transformation of health care by using information and knowledge. Launched in 1988 as “Computers in Health Care”, to offer a broad range of titles: some addressed to specifi c professions such as nursing, medicine, and health administra- tion; others to special areas of practice such as trauma and radiology; still other books in the series focused on interdisciplinary issues, such as the computer based patient record, electronic health records, and networked healthcare systems.

Renamed “Health Informatics” in 1998 to refl ect the rapid evolution in the disci- pline known as health informatics, the series continues to add titles that contribute to the evolution of the fi eld. In the series, eminent experts, serving as editors or authors, offer their accounts of innovations in health informatics. Increasingly, these accounts go beyond hardware and software to address the role of information in infl uencing the transformation of healthcare delivery systems around the world. The series also increasingly focuses on the users of the information and systems: the organizational, behavioral, and societal changes that accompany the diffusion of information technology in health services environments.

Developments in healthcare delivery are constant; most recently developments in proteomics and genomics are increasingly becoming relevant to clinical decision making and emerging standards of care. The data resources emerging from molecu- lar biology are beyond the capacity of the human brain to integrate and beyond the scope of paper-based decision trees. Thus, bioinformatics has emerged as a new fi eld in health informatics to support emerging and ongoing developments in molec- ular biology. Translational informatics supports acceleration, from bench to bed- side, i.e. the appropriate use of molecular biology research fi ndings and bioinformatics in clinical care of patients.

At the same time, further continual evolution of the fi eld of health informatics is refl ected in the introduction of concepts at the macro or health systems delivery level with major national initiatives in many countries related to concepts such as electronic health records (EHRs) and personal health records; public health infor- matics; and data analytics, eHealth and digital health with the associated data, ter- minology and messaging standards essential to clinical interoperability.

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We have consciously retained the series title Health Informatics as the single umbrella term that encompasses both the microscopic elements of bioinformatics and the macroscopic aspects of large national health information systems. Ongoing changes to both the micro and macro perspectives on health informatics will con- tinue to shape health services in the twenty-fi rst century. By making full and cre- ative use of the technology to tame data and to transform information, Health Informatics will foster the development and use of new knowledge in health care. As coeditors, we pledge to support our professional colleagues and the series read- ers as they share advances in the emerging and exciting fi eld of health informatics.

Victoria, BC, Canada Kathryn J. Hannah, PhD, RN Dublin, Ireland Pamela Hussey , RN, RCN, MEd, MSc, PhD Halifax, NS, Canada Margaret Ann Kennedy , RN, BScN, MN, PhD,

CPHIMS-CA, PMP, PRINCE2 Practitioner Baltimore, MD, USA Marion J. Ball , EdD, FACMI, AMIA

Series Preface

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The publication of this 4th edition of An Introduction to Nursing Informatics is timely. Its core purpose is to act as primer for nurses searching for basic information on the topic of nursing informatics. Interest in health informatics and its relevance to eHealth is expanding at a dynamic pace. The commitment of funding by the World Health Organization (WHO), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), European Union (EU) and United States (USA) indicates that the integration of informatics competencies and its associated role in eHealth service delivery is a key priority. As a profession, nursing is accountable for a signifi cant contribution to health care service provision. Contemporary nursing practice is changing and, at the same time, facing a number of critical challenges. For example, two global issues that the profession is striving to address include high staff turnover and nursing skill mix shortages. Articulating the nursing contribution to holistic care is therefore as important now as ever. Nursing informatics continues to be an essential aspect not only in providing information about the profession but also in helping nurse leaders in their quest for the expansion of nursing knowledge and theory development.

Twenty-fi rst-century medicine offers exciting opportunities for the nursing pro- fession to engage with and develop within. An example includes the opportunity to contribute to the design of emerging eHealth models of care. Additionally, concepts relating to health ecosystems which can be used to transform and enhance health and social care in society are seeking nurses’ expertise and imagination. There is a need to ensure that resources such as electronic health records and mobile technol- ogy (mTechnology) applications are pragmatic and fi t for purpose. Nurses, often described as context experts, understand the fl ow of health care processes and are key agents in requirements identifi cation and evaluation of systems under development.

In this edition, the editors have collected the best available evidence to inspire and support nurses to think critically about both current and future practice. This book is presented in such a manner as to encourage the reader to pause and refl ect upon key concepts presented from the perspective of their existing practice domain. Starting with the fundamental concepts of nursing practice, information manage- ment and its relationship to informatics, this edition includes a number of

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contributions from leading experts who have practised in the fi eld of informatics over a number of years. Preparing nurses for engagement with initiatives relating to eHealth transformational programmes locally, regionally or nationally is supported with additional fi les for downloading from extras.springer.com . There is a strong emphasis on both education and continuous professional development, and the ped- agogical framework used to devise the core learning activities is explained in Chapter 1. This book builds on previous editions and provides readers with a basic primer for searching information on the topic of nursing informatics. It includes online resources and tools to support the acquisition of informatics skills for future professional development. We hope you enjoy this 4th edition.

Victoria, BC, Canada Kathryn J. Hannah , PhD, RN Dublin, Ireland Pamela Hussey , RN, RCN, MEd, MSc, PhD Halifax, NS, Canada Margaret Ann Kennedy , RN, BScN, MN, PhD,

CPHIMS-CA, PMP, PRINCE2 Practitioner Baltimore, MD, USA Marion J. Ball , EdD, FACMI, AMIA

Preface

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Contents

Part I Introduction

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Pamela Hussey and Margaret Ann Kennedy

2 Nursing Informatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Margaret Ann Kennedy and Pamela Hussey

Part II Connected Health

3 E-Health a Global Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Pamela Hussey and Margaret Ann Kennedy

4 History of Computing and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Pamela Hussey, Margaret Ann Kennedy, and Anne Spencer

5 The Mechanics of Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Christopher Henry, Pamela Hussey, and Margaret Ann Kennedy

6 Health Information Exchange: Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Karen Witting

7 Health Informatics Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Anne Casey

8 Nursing Documentation in Digital Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Sally Remus, Margaret Ann Kennedy, Breane Manson Lucas, and Tracy Forbes

9 Independent Living Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Julie Doyle and Lorcan Walsh

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Part III Administration

10 Administration Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Hélène Clément

11 Data Privacy and Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Ross Fraser

12 The Role of the Informatics Nurse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Lynn M. Nagle

Part IV Research

13 Research Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Kathryn Momtahan

14 Case Studies Introduction: Transformational Research . . . . . . . . . . 295 Pamela Hussey and Fintan Sheerin

15 Case Study 1: Nursing Informatics and eHealth in Australia . . . . . . 305 Joanne Foster

16 Case Study 2: The TIGER Initiative Foundation – Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Sally E. Schlak

17 Case Study 3: Nursing Informatics – Highlights from Wales . . . . . . 333 Beverley Thomas

18 Case Study 4: Mobile Nursing in Health Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Polun Chang, Ming-Chuan Jessie Kuo, and Shaio-Jyue Lu

19 The Future Is a Sharp 90° Turn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Stephen P. Murray

Part V Education

20 Nursing Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Paula M. Procter

21 Knowledge Networks in Nursing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Anne Spencer and Pamela Hussey