Applying Current Literature to Clinical Practic.

In a 6 to 7 slide PowerPoint presentation, address the following: • Provide an overview of the attached article. o What population is under consideration? o What was the specific intervention that was used? Is this a new intervention or one that was already used? o What were the author’s claims? • Explain the findings/outcomes of the study in the article. Include whether this will translate into practice with your own clients. If so, how? If not, why? •Applying Current Literature to Clinical Practic.

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Explain whether the limitations of the study might impact your ability to use the findings/outcomes presented in the article. Support your position with evidence-based literature. Required Readings American Nurses Association. (2014). Psychiatric-mental health nursing: Scope and standards of practice (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author. • Standard 2 “Diagnosis” (pages 46-47) Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. • Chapter 5, “Supportive and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy” (pp. 225–238 and pp. 245–258) American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Young, J. M., & Solomon, M. J. (2009). How to critically appraise an article. Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 6(2), 82–91. NOTE: It is very important to cite all materials used including the article you analyzed in the references page based on APA7 formation style. PLESE, NO PLAGIARISM as this paper will be summitted for global check for plagiarism by the school. Thanks.

Since its establishment as a profession, psychoanalytic practitioners have struggled with understanding the true nature of their work. Many remain devoted to
Freud’s medical model (Freud, 1958) and aspire to establish a logicalpositivistic basis for psychoanalysis. Others view the field more broadly, and
consider psychoanalysis a distinctively humanistic discipline. This paper suggests that the bifurcation may be resolved by focusing on clinical as opposed to
theoretical psychoanalysis—an emphasis that illuminates its artistic elements.
Psychoanalysts’ work may be likened to performance artists, primarily because
they work to create an experience in their patients. In addition, they give with
their psyche-somas, reminiscent of how actors use their bodies as instruments;
they face each session in a fashion akin to how painters face the white canvas
or writers the blank page; and they choose from an infinite number of possible
models for coconstructing ways of understanding their patients’ experiences.
Regardless of past or future theoretical differences, psychoanalysts provide
creative, transformative experiences most accurately described as transformational encounters. Psychoanalysis is a verb, a process. While it alleviates pain
caused by various mental disorders, it also assists individuals in discovering
their individuality, authenticity, and singularity. In support of the artistic foundation of the psychoanalytic process, the paper includes three scenes that
demonstrate how patients experience precipitous, essential breaks in their repetitive, internal dramas, resulting in them experiencing themselves as beings,Applying Current Literature to Clinical Practic.
capable of change. It thereby demonstrates how psychoanalytic practitioners
This article was published Online First July 28, 2014.
Alan Michael Karbelnig, PhD, ABPP, Private Practice, South Pasadena, California, and Senior
Faculty and Training and Supervising Psychoanalyst, New Center for Psychoanalysis, Los Angeles,
California.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Alan Michael Karbelnig, PhD,
ABPP, 625 Fair Oaks Avenue, Suite 270, South Pasadena, CA 91030. E-mail: amkarbelnig@
gmail.com
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
Psychoanalytic Psychology © 2014 American Psychological Association
2016, Vol. 33, Supplement 1, S153–S172 0736-9735/16/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037332
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bring something new to life, further validating how psychoanalysis qualifies as
an artistic endeavor.
Keywords: psychoanalysis, transformational encounters, intersubjectivity, humanism, hermeneutics
In 1896, when Freud coined the term psychoanalysis (Gay, 1988, p. 103), he created a
technique specifically applicable to patients with mental disorders. Consonant with this
initial view of the process, the first psychoanalysts treated individuals suffering from such
Victorian-era termed disorders as obsessional neurosis, hysteria, and melancholia. Yet,
even in those early years, Freud and other practitioners struggled with the actual nature of
their work. Some patients presented with distinct symptoms such as anxiety or depression;Applying Current Literature to Clinical Practic.
others sought help for concerns about their work, their relationships, or other, wideranging elements of their life experiences. Were these pioneer psychoanalysts actually
treating distinct mental illnesses, or were they helping individuals explore the meanings
of their lives? By the mid-20th century, the burgeoning controversy regarding the precise
aims of psychoanalysis flowed into two distinct streams.
Many psychoanalytic practitioners remained devoted to the exclusively medical vision. They applied techniques such as confronting ego defenses—exposing the emotionally painful, unconscious conflicts patients were masking—thereby reducing psychological symptoms. Using the sine qua non of the psychoanalytic process, these analysts
focused on transference as the vehicle for their treatment. Such psychoanalysts typically
sought scientifically based sources of information. They pursued observational studies of
infants, researched cognition and emotion, conducted outcome studies, and otherwise
leaned toward the scientific in an effort to establish an empirical basis for psychoanalysis.
They believed the field would persist as one intervention among many, alongside psychopharmacology and cognitive–behavioral therapy, in the cadre of treatments for mental
illness.Applying Current Literature to Clinical Practic.
Other psychoanalysts, particularly during the last 50 years, applied their techniques
with broader strokes. They utilized their training to help those with difficulties that defied
traditional medical categorization, such as persons who felt socially alienated, failed to
achieve romantic intimacies, felt personally inadequate, or found their lives meaningless.
Although not hostile to science, these psychoanalysts worked, wrote, and researched in
more humanistic realms. They sought information outside of their field—in literature,
philosophy, and history—to find support for their work. They believed these disciplines
offered greater insights into human subjectivity than could the sciences alone. They
viewed their work as hermeneutical and exploratory rather than as a process solely
intended to cure illnesses. Orange (2011) noted that because of Freud’s “stronger insistence on the status of psychoanalysis as a natural science, our awareness of psychoanalysis
as hermeneutics has arrived only recently” (p. 2).
Despite its having been tossed and turned by the streams of scientism and humanism,
psychoanalysts, regardless of their particular theoretical orientation (Freudian, Jungian,
Kleinian, etc.), have consistently relied on, and written about, four foundational tenets: the
idea that an unconscious mind exists, that some kind of force or drive motivates human
beings, that individuals tend to form repetitive psycho-behavioral patterns (the repetition
compulsion), and that these unconscious features tend to be projected onto the psychoanalytic relationship in the form of the transference. The four foundational themes were
originally delineated by Freud (1914/1958), and later elaborated on by others including
Lacan (1978); Rangell (2006), and Harari (2004). Of course psychoanalysts also have
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.Applying Current Literature to Clinical Practic.
S154 KARBELNIG
attended to other signs of the unconscious, such as dreams or parapraxes, but these four
elements provided steady points of reference.
Unlike physicians, armed with stethoscopes, syringes, medications, EKG machines,
thermometers, and other forms of technology for evaluating and treating patients, psychoanalysts greet their patients solely with their beings. They bring no interventional
technologies to the process. They offer reverie, containment, interpretation, confrontation,
empathy, and similar rhetorical or interpersonal influences to promote transformation in
their patients. Whereas artistry certainly comprises a component of what other professionals provide, psychoanalysts work entirely within the interpersonal relationship, rendering the artful element of their services more central.
The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (Trumble, Brown, Stevenson, & Siefring,
2002) defines art as “the application of skill according to aesthetic principles, esp. in the
production of visible works of imagination, imitation, or design” and as “skillful execution
of workmanship” (p. 122). Inarguably distinct from each other, art and psychoanalysis
nonetheless share critical features, by definition and by practice. Psychoanalysts apply
skills according to aesthetic principles (taking the form of technique arising from theory),
produce visible works (evident in the transformational experiences for their patients), and
execute their workmanship (through the interpersonal effects just noted). Although they
may not formally identify it as such, their artistry may be likened to a form of performance
art.Applying Current Literature to Clinical Practic.