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A.  Depression 1.  Analyze the pathophysiology of the disease process you selected in part A. ARTICULATION OF RESPONSE (CLARITY, ORGANIZATION, MECHANICS): Provides substantial articulation of response. 2.  Discuss the standard of practice for the selected disease process. Provides a plausible analysis, with substantial detail, of the pathophysiology of the disease process selected in part A. a.  Discuss the evidence-based pharmacological treatments in your state (UTAH) and how they affect management of the selected disease in your community. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar. Provides a logical discussion, with substantial detail, of the standard of practice for the selected disease process. b.  Discuss clinical guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and patient education for the selected disease process.

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Provides a logical discussion, with substantial detail, of clinical guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and patient education for the selected disease process. c.  Compare the standard practice for managing the disease within your community with state or national practices. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar. Provides an appropriate comparison, with substantial detail, of standard practice for managing the disease within the candidate’s community with state or national practices. 3.  Discuss characteristics of and resources for a patient who manages the selected disease well, including access to care, treatment options, life expectancy, and outcomes. Provides a logical discussion, with substantial detail, of characteristics of and resources for a patient who manages the selected disease well, including access to care, treatment options, life expectancy, and outcomes. a. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.  Analyze disparities between management of the selected disease on a national and international level. Provides a plausible analysis, with substantial support, of disparities between management of the selected disease on a national and international level 4.  Discuss three or four factors (e.g., financial resources, access to care, insured/uninsured, Medicare/Medicaid) that contribute to a patient being able to manage the selected disease. Provides a logical discussion, with sufficient detail, of 3 or 4 factors that contribute to a patient being able to manage the selected disease. a.  Explain how a lack of the factors discussed in part A4 leads to an unmanaged disease process. Provides a logical explanation, with substantial detail, of how a lack of the factors discussed in part A4 leads to an unmanaged disease process. i.  Describe characteristics of a patient with the selected disease that is unmanaged. Provides an appropriate description, with sufficient detail, of the characteristics of a patient with the selected disease that is unmanaged. B.  Analyze how the selected disease process affects patients, families, and populations in your community. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar. Provides a plausible analysis, with substantial detail, of how the selected disease process affects patients, families, and populations in the candidate’s community. 1.  Discuss the financial costs associated with the selected disease process for patients, families, and populations from diagnosis to treatment. Provides a logical discussion, with substantial detail, of the financial costs associated with the selected disease process for patients, families, and populations from diagnosis to treatment. C.  Discuss how you will promote best practices for managing the selected disease in your current healthcare organization. Provides a logical discussion, with substantial detail, of how the candidate will promote best practices for managing the selected disease in the candidate’s current healthcare organization. 1.  Discuss three strategies you could use to implement best practices for managing the selected disease in your current healthcare organization. Provides a logical discussion, with substantial detail, of 3 strategies the candidate could use to implement best practices for managing the selected disease in the candidate’s current healthcare organization. 2.  Discuss an appropriate method to evaluate the implementation of each of the strategies from part C1. Provides a logical discussion, with substantial detail, of an appropriate method to evaluate the implementation of each of the strategies from part C1. D.  When you use sources, include all in-text citations and references in APA format. Provides appropriate in-text citations and references with no readily detectable deviations from APA style, OR the candidate does not use sources. Note: Scholarly references only, in order, following paper citation order, link or retrieval, when using sources to support ideas and elements in an assessment, the submission MUST include APA formatted in-text citations with a corresponding reference list for any direct quotes or paraphrasing. It is not necessary to list sources that were consulted if they have not been quoted or paraphrased in the text of the assessment. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Depression: Pathophysiology, Standard of Practice, Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions, Clinical Guidelines, Disparities in Management, and Financial Costs

Depression is a mental disorder that can manifest in a variety of ways depending on its severity. The different mental disorders that have depression as a defining characteristic symptom are grouped together under the diagnostic category of ‘Depressive Disorders’ in the latest edition (fifth) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM-5. The depressive disorders as put in the DSM-5 include major depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent depressive disorder, substance/ medication-induced depressive disorder, dysthymia or persistent depressive disorder amongst others (APA, 2013). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) depression as a fairly common mental illness that affects up to 264 million persons globally. Suicidality is a major complication of depression and the condition affects more women than men. The severity of the problem is indicated by the fact that about 0.8 million people die each year as a result of suicide, with adolescents and young adults being the worst affected. Even though effective psychopharmacologic therapies are available to manage depression, up to 85% of the low socio-economic class population receive no treatment for the disorder. Some of the reasons for this are the usual social determinants of health (SDOH) and include inability to access healthcare, social stigma associated with mental illness, inaccurate diagnosis, and insufficient numbers of trained mental health primary care clinicians (WHO, 2020). In the United States, depression is a major mental health concern just as in the rest of the world. But just like the global statistics, most cases of depression in the US do not receive appropriate treatment or any treatment at all. According to Olfson et al. (2016), national surveys in the US have shown that about half (50%) of all adults with depression have never received any treatment for the condition. This paper examines the mental health condition that is depression throughout its many facets, including diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment (in the state of Utah), clinical guidelines, and financial costs. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

The Pathophysiology of Depression

Depression is a mood disorder characterised by changes in a person’s mood and loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities. The pathophysiology of depression is complex and involves both genetics and biochemical changes in the brain. Some morphological changes have also been observed on neuro-imaging and in post-mortem studies of deceased depression patients. In the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, a reduction in the amount of grey matter as well as glial density has been demonstrated. A reduction in hippocampal function as manifested by the morphological changes has an inhibitory effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway. A dysfunction in the mesolimbic dopamine reward system is also responsible for the manifestation of depression as a mental disorder. The system is responsible for mediating the reward response that results from pleasurable stimuli such as sex and drugs. Therefore, when this system dysfunctions there is a reduction in pleasure in depression patients (Fekadu et al., 2017). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

There has been no single gene identified to be responsible for the development and manifestation of depression. However, it is now known that there is a complex interaction between a group of genes and the environment. These are the genes that make a person more susceptible to developing depression because they moderate the person’s ability to cope with environmental stressors. Because of this, when all factors are held constant; some individuals will respond to environmental stressors by overcoming them while others will be overwhelmed by the same environmental conditions and lapse into depression (Fekadu et al., 2017; Sadock et al., 2015). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis results in excessive production of corticosteroids. When chronically stressed, this state of affairs causes structural abnormalities in areas of the brain such as the amygdala which is involved in regulating emotional activity and the response to stress. It also causes a reduction in size of the hippocampus (Fekadu et al., 2017). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

The biogenic amines serotonin and norepinephrine have also been shown to be responsible for the pathogenesis of depression. The proof of the involvement of serotonin in the pathogenesis of depression is found in the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as atypical antidepressants most preferred to treat and manage the condition. Decreased sensitivity of beta-adrenergic receptors also results in the manifestation of depression. The proof of the involvement of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of depression is also found in the efficacy of antidepressant medications with noradrenergic effects such as venlafaxine (Fekadu et al., 2017; Sadock et al., 2015). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Other factors are also involved in the pathophysiology of depression. These include neuropeptides such as substance P, hormones (such as estrogen, thyroid hormones, and vasopressin), and melatonergic signaling in the brain as seen in the circadian rhythm (Fekadu et al., 2017). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Standards of Practice for Depression

The standards of practice for depression are expressed in the practice guidelines that outline the assessment, diagnosis, and management of depression according to the current evidence-based interventions. This means that there must first be a correct and proper diagnosis of depression with the exact form of the condition stated as per the DSM-5 criteria. This is very essential for the treatment plan of the condition diagnosed. Misdiagnosis can lead to futile treatment that may only worsen the patient’s symptoms. Before making the definitive diagnosis, it is important that bipolar disorder be ruled out. This can also be done by considering the diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder in the DSM-5 (Gautam et al., 2017). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

What should follow is a proper assessment of the patient to establish factors such as disease severity, risk of suicidality or harm to others, medication/ substance use, social support, coping mechanisms, personality factors and treatment history. The assessment should also include a mental status examination (MSE), physical examination to rule out abnormalities such as an enlarged thyroid gland, and laboratory investigations such as thyroid function tests and liver function tests. The setting for the treatment is then decided upon. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar. This could be as an inpatient if the patient has suicidal ideation, or as an outpatient if the patient is stable and not posing an imminent threat to self and others. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended at this stage of care. Finally, the treatment is prescribed and commenced. This is both psychopharmacologic and non-pharmacological where the patient gets medications as well as psychoeducation and psychotherapy (Gautam et al., 207). Given the pathophysiology of the condition which implicates the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, medications such as fluoxetine and venlafaxine would be preferable. This is because fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and venlafaxine is noradrenergic. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Evidence-Based Pharmacological Treatment of Depression

In a study on adult depression treatment in the US by Olfson et al. (2016), it was found that antidepressants (pharmacotherapy) were the topmost treatment modality at 87%. This was followed by psychotherapy at 23.2 percent, anxiolytics at 13.5 percent, antipsychotics at 7 percent, and mood stabilizers at 5.1 percent (Olfson et al., 2016). Generally, treatment of depression is two-pronged and combines medications and psychotherapy. This is the common practice and there is also evidence that supports this approach as the best practice or evidence-based practice (APA, 2019; Fekadu et al., 2017; Gautam et al, 2017; Sadock et al., 2015). The treatment of depression therefore involves the following: Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

  1. Pharmacotherapy
  2. Antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, dopamine reuptake inhibitors, mixed action agents, and others).
  3. Antipsychotics
  • Anxiolytics, and
  1. Mood stabilizers
  2. Psychotherapy
  3. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
  4. Interpersonal therapy
  • Family therapy
  1. Psychoanalytic oriented therapy
  2. Others
  3. Phototherapy
  4. Electroconvulsive therapy
  • Vagus nerve stimulation
  1. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
  2. Sleep deprivation

In pharmacotherapy, the older antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants are still being used. However, because of their extensive side effect profile, newer or atypical antidepressants are now the preferred first-line pharmacotherapeutic option in the treatment of depression. These atypical antidepressants include the SSRIs such as citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), paroxetine (Paxil), fluoxetine (Prozac), and sertraline (Zoloft) (Stahl, 2017). The other antidepressants that are used to treat depression apart from the SSRIs include nortriptyline (Vivactil), amitriptyline (Elavil), duloxetine (Cymbalta), nefazodone, bupropion (Wellbutrin), and trazodone  or Desyrel (Stahl, 2017; Sadock et al., 2015). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Treatment of Depression in the State of Utah

Treatment of depression in the state of Utah follows the same national guidelines for the management of the condition. The state has one of the highest rates of depression as over 33% of adults in some communities living in the state suffer from the condition. And just like the global statistics indicate as mentioned earlier, less than 50% of depression patients in the state receive any form of therapy or treatment (Alberty, 2019). In the state of Utah, therefore, patients with subclinical or mild depression are started on psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar. Those who do not respond are moved to either a combination of psychotherapy and antidepressants or antidepressants alone. In general, psychotherapy is the first choice in mild depression while a combination of psychotherapy and medications is the standard for chronic or severe depression (APA, 2019; Malhi et al., 2015; Armstrong, 2011). The use of the above evidence-based treatment modalities affect the management of depression in the communities in Utah in that most people are unable to access the needed mental health services or screening for depression. This is down to lack of sensitization, lack of resources, and insufficient numbers of mental health professionals such as psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners or PMHNPs. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Clinical Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Patient Education for Depression

Clinical guidelines serve as a guide to healthcare professionals when they are managing a condition such as depression. In following them, it is not to be forgotten that every patient is different from the other and so treatment needs to be tailored to each patient’s particular scenario and status. In the case of depression, the guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and patient education are as follows (APA, 2019; Malhi et al., 2015; Armstrong, 2011): Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

  • Thorough assessment of the patient should be done at the first contact to determine the precise diagnosis of the patient in terms of the type of depression they are suffering from. This is what will guide treatment.
  • Subclinical and mild depression should be treated conservatively using evidence-based psychotherapeutic strategies such as interpersonal therapy or cognitive therapy.
  • Depending on the patent profile and response to treatment, the patient with moderate to severe depression should be treated with psychotherapy alone, pharmacotherapy alone, or a combination of the two modalities. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.
  • There is no evidence to support the use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) such as herbal remedies in the treatment of depression. Therefore, these therapies are not recommended in the management of the condition.
  • Diagnosis of the depression should be precise including severity (mild, moderate, or severe). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.
  • Patient education for depression should focus on getting the patient back to functionality in the society. It should also enable them to deal with societal stigma and make them realize that depression is just another condition like any other. Patient education is also supposed to include members of the patient’s family to demystify for them what depression is and also to enable them cope with the stress of having a loved one who is suffering from depression. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Comparison of Standard Practice with State and National Practices

The standard practice for managing depression within the author’s community in the state of Utah does not compare favorably with national practices. To begin with, the community lacks adequate healthcare personnel such as PMHNPs to deal with the high rates of depression at the primary health care level. As a matter of fact, an authoritative report states that only Kane and Summit county have a sufficient number of mental health professionals (Alberty, 2019). This is compounded by the low levels of access to healthcare experienced in the community. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar. Unfortunately, this is the general picture in the entire state of Utah. There is therefore need for great improvement in the way depression is managed in the author’s community as well as in the state of Utah as a whole. For instance, in a ranking of states with the best mental health measures in 2018, the state of Utah ranked number 51 (at the tail end)! The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 2016 also published that Utah was one of the few states in which pediatric mental health disorders surpassed 20 percent (Alberty, 2019). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Characteristics of a Well-Managed Depression Patient and Available Resources

A well-managed depression patient is expected to experience complete remission of symptoms within the first four weeks of treatment or therapy. The patent is supposed to be able to return to normalcy while on treatment, as demonstrated by their ability to integrate back into the society and function in their occupation. They are not supposed to experience suicidality and will not be a danger to other people after commencement of the treatment. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

There are resources available for the proper management of depression and other mental health problems in the US. To begin with, a person who feels that they have a loved one who is suffering from depression and who may be a danger to themselves and others may call 911 and get help in an emergency situation. There are also federal resources that one can make use of to help manage their depression or that of a loved one. The resources help in the identification of providers and in accessing affordable care. These federal resources include: Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

  • The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
  • The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)

Three strategies that would allow a patient to effectively manage their depression are (i) the act of seeking help early, (ii) adherence to treatment (Costa et al., 2015), and (iii) avoidance of any physical or environmental factors that trigger depression in the person (Sadock et al., 2015; National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Access to care is an important factor in well-managed depression. This is especially so given that almost half of all depression patients do not receive treatment as has already been observed. Access is improved by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 because it allows poor people hitherto unable to access healthcare to do so in an affordable and non-discriminatory way. A number of treatment options are available for the depression patient who is well-managed, as has been discussed above in the treatment of depression. These include medications as well as non-drug interventions. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar. With proper management, the outcome in depression is good. However, relapse is common and this should be factored in the management strategy. On life expectancy, depression unfortunately results in a shorter life expectancy than normal (Jia et l., 2015). This is because people with depression are more prone to heart disease, cancer, and other lifestyle conditions (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2014). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Disparities in the Management of Depression on a National and International Level

That there are disparities in the way depression and other mental health conditions are managed is not in dispute. Specifically, there are acknowledged racial and ethnic disparities in the management of depression both nationally and internationally. To begin with, cultural beliefs in many parts of the world influence the way individual behavior to seeking healthcare manifests. In parts of Australia where Aboriginal people inhabit for instance, illness and health is viewed and interpreted differently from the conventional ways. There is always a cultural prism through which a condition such as depression will be viewed. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar. This alone will determine whether help is sought early or not. In the US, some migrant communities who still retain their cultural identity may interpret depression as an affliction with spirits. Because of this, the patient will be subjected to cultural remedies which may include exorcism. Internationally, the developing world experiences greater disparities in depression management because of the same reason of cultural beliefs. Being a developed country, the US experiences ethnic and cultural disparities in depression management as well. This is mainly because of unequal access to healthcare but also because of the influence of ethnic and cultural factors among the ethnic minorities. Just like with other disparities, institutional racism is partly responsible for these disparities in depression management (Cardemil et al., 2015). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Factors Enabling the Effective Management of Depression

In order to effectively manage depression, several factors are necessary and need to be present. In the US, three of these factors are access to healthcare, healthcare insurance, and financial resources. Access to healthcare is one of the social determinants of health (SDOH) and is not equal across the racial and ethnic divide. This is especially due to the present disparities in income. Most minority communities such as African Americans and Hispanics experience higher levels if poverty and low levels of income as a result of many factors, one of which is institutional racism. Because of this, many people suffering from depression in these communities cannot access mental healthcare. This may be so because they lack healthcare coverage, lack the necessary information/ sensitization, or have no ready access to primary healthcare providers of mental health services (Unützer & Park, 2012). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

To receive effective management of depression, it is preferable that a person have healthcare coverage in the form of comprehensive health insurance. This is because the treatment of depression is a long term undertaking which drains financial resources if one were to pay out of pocket. To this end, the Affordable Care Act 2010 or “Obamacare” has managed to cushion many low-income earners who would have otherwise been unable to access care. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Lastly but not least, financial resources are still required for a person to have their depression effectively managed. This is true even if the person is covered by medical insurance. The reason for this is that depression affects the entire life of a person such that if they were gainfully employed they may lose their job because of the condition. Not having a job will mean that one has to pay bills using other financial resources apart from the earnings from employment. Also, healthcare insurance may not cover some aspects of treatment which one may be required to pay for themselves. For instance, insurance may pay for only a given n umber of psychotherapy sessions. This means that the patient has to pay for the remaining therapy sessions out of their own pockets (Kessler, 2012). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

How Lack of the Three Factors May Lead to an Unmanaged Disease Process

A lack of access to healthcare will greatly hinder the effective management of depression. This is because without being assessed by a trained mental healthcare professional, the chances of receiving the required treatment for one’s depression are slim. One must therefore have easy access to healthcare providers who are trained to treat depression. If possible, this should be at the grassroots or community level. Disparities in depression treatment have been shown to exist in communities where there are few or no mental healthcare professionals at the primary healthcare level. In this situation, the depression will go unmanaged and may result in mortality due to suicidality. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Second is a lack of healthcare coverage. This is also tied to access in that a person with no healthcare coverage may not be able to see a healthcare provider even if they were available in the community. Since most poor people affected by depression are not in a position to finance their treatment, it follows that they will suppress the need for treatment or seek other unorthodox means of treating the condition. This can only result in poor management and poor patient outcomes. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Last but not least is a lack of financial resources. As has been seen, even if one is covered by insurance, depression carries other costs that may not be directly related to the treatment of the condition. Not being financially capable will therefore lead to the disease being poorly managed. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Characteristics of a Patient with Unmanaged Depression

Unmanaged depression becomes chronic and advances to serious disease with accompanying complications. The patient with unmanaged depression is one with a poor quality of life, self-injurious behavior, suicidality, and intense functional impairment in both occupational tasks and activities of daily living (Al-Harbi, 2012). The unmanaged depression patient:

  • Cannot function productively in any situation be it socially or economically
  • Has a high likelihood of engaging in acts that are harmful to them such as excessive smoking and lack of physical activity
  • Is self-segregating and avoids the company of others
  • Does not want to engage in any pleasurable activity, even if they previously enjoyed the same
  • Most likely suffers from other serious conditions such as cancer and heart disease (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2014). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

How Depression Affects Patients, Families, and Populations

Depression as a mental illness has far-reaching ramifications and deeply affects not only the patients, but also their families and the population at large.

Patients

The patient is the one who is most affected by depression as they are the ones suffering from the mental illness. The patient with depression has difficulty sleeping and keeps on wandering in thought in a stressful state. They are withdrawn from people and would rather lock themselves up for days without eating or going out. They therefore become isolated, malnourished, dehydrated, and fed up with life. Because they are withdrawn from social life, depression patients cannot function normally. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar. They thus may not be able to continue engaging in their employment activities with the result that they lose their livelihood. This means that they must now be dependent on their family members for sustenance and upkeep. But because the depression patient is also preoccupied with their thoughts, they do not take care of their personal hygiene leading to the possibility of acquiring infections that may in themselves be life-threatening. And because of their suicidal ideation, depression patients are a danger to themselves as they can take their own lives at any time (Sadock et al., 2015; AA, 2013). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Families

Families of depression patients are also very much affected by the fact of having one of their own afflicted by the mental illness. The most important aspect of this is the societal stigma faced by these families just because they have a family member who is affected by depression. They tend to be avoided by other members of the society and shunned. They are also psychologically affected by the disease as they may not know anything about it except the myths that are spread by the uninformed public. Financially, the family of a depression patient also has to shoulder all the responsibility. This is especially true when the depression patient loses their job and starts to rely on the family. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Population

The population as a whole is affected by depression in that it leads to disrupted cohesion in societies. A depression patient is a socially maladjusted person who cannot come together with others for the common good of the community and society. Because of this, the population loses on collective productivity and well-being. Resources that would have otherwise benefited the population in other ways are also expended in managing the depression. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Financial Costs Associated with Depression for Patients, Families, and Populations from Diagnosis to Treatment

Patients

Treatment of depression is cost-intensive. For the patient who has healthcare coverage, they are still expected to spend a considerable amount of money in pursuing treatment modalities for their condition. However, for those who do not have any healthcare coverage the situation is even worse. This is because they will be expected to pay for all the treatment through their own pockets. This is very unsustainable for a person who does not have considerable income because depression treatment is a long term program. And even if the patient’s income were good, the financial expenditure on depression treatment would eat into other areas of their budget such as food, housing, clothing, and education (Greenberg et al., 2015). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Families

The financial costs of depression to families of those suffering from depression have already been alluded to. Because depression victims are usually unable to continue with their work or employment, it is their families that usually take up the financial burden of caring for them in terms of food, shelter, and clothing. In addition, they also have to foot the extra treatment bills that are not paid for by medical insurance (Greenberg et al., 2015). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Populations

The financial costs of depression to populations are not very obvious. However, considering that a depression patient is unable to continue with employment or even business, this means that the authorities lose out on beneficial taxation. Many public amenities and services are funded by taxes from the working population. If a depression patient cannot work, that means that the population loses from the fact that they are sick and unproductive (Greenberg et al., 2015). Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Promoting Best Practices for Managing Depression in the Healthcare Organization

In promoting the best practices for managing depression in the healthcare organization, the author would:

  • Encourage the use of only evidence-based interventions in managing depression
  • The strict following of national guidelines on the management of depression
  • The consideration of local ethnic and racial differences and circumstances when coming up with appropriate treatment modalities for depression
  • Encourage a community-based approach to depression management
  • Advocate for the complete involvement of the patient’s family in the management of depression. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Three Strategies for Implementing Best Practices in the Healthcare Organization

The three strategies the author would use to implement the above best practices in the healthcare organization are:

  1. Clinical inquiry: Questioning current common practices in the management of depression in the organization, and coming up with evidence that supports or rejects the same.
  2. Community participation: Encouraging the use of treatment modalities that incorporate the input of the community to reduce stigma. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.
  • Multidisciplinary approach to treatment: Incorporating collaboration from therapists, clinicians, social workers, psychiatrists, psychologists, and health educators among others.

A Method to Evaluate the Implementation of the Strategies

The most appropriate that would be useful for evaluating the implementation of the strategies of clinical inquiry, multidisciplinary approach, and community participation would be the performance or carrying out of a cross-sectional survey of treated depression patients from the community to gauge their opinion on the effectiveness of the depression management they received. This will unearth the correct impact that the strategies may have had on the patients themselves as the ones who are affected. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.

Conclusion

Depression is a mental health condition that is very common. It causes considerable functional impairment as well as socio-economic loses. It has a complex pathophysiology that includes genetics and morphological changes in the brain matter. There are guidelines that direct the management of depression, particularly by the American Psychological Association or APA. As a chronic illness, depression has significant financial costs on the patient, their family, and the population at large. However, there are effective strategies that may be employed to manage the disease with minimal possibility of unwanted outcomes. Completion of a Spell check and Grammar.