Concepts of Women's and Men's Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay

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Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay

Case study Analysis Please do the assignment within the 2-page limit asked for. Scenario Case Study week 10: 67-year-old female presents with chief complaint of shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, unintentional weight loss, and mild numbness in her feet. She states she feels unsteady when she walks. PMH includes hypothyroidism well-controlled on Synthroid 100 mcg/day. No hx of HTN or CHF. Vital signs: Temp 98.7 F, pulse 118, Respirations 22, BP 108/64, PaO2 95% on room air. Physical exam revealed pale, anxious female appearing older than stated years. HEENT- pale conjunctiva of eyes and pale palate. Tongue beefy red and slightly swollen with loss of normal rugae. Turbinates’ pale but no swelling. Thyroid palpable but no nodules felt. No lymph nodes palpated. Cardiac-regular rate and rhythm with soft II/VI systolic murmur. Respiratory- lungs clear with no adventitious breath sounds. Abdomen-soft, non-tender with positive bowel sounds. Liver edge palpated two fingerbreadths below the right costal margin. Lab data- hgb, hct, reticulocyte count, serum B12 levels low, mean corpuscle volume, plasma iron, and ferritin levels high, folate, TIBC are normal. In your 1-2 page Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following: Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (micro and macrocytic). How they may affect the patient physical ability and findings Learning Objectives Students will: Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span Analyze processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology Learning Resources Required Readings (click to expand/reduce) McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems (stop at Tests of reproductive function); Summary Review Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System (stop at Organ prolapse); pp. 787–788 (start at Impaired fertility) (stop at Disorders of the female breast); Summary Review Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System (stop at Hormone levels); Summary Review Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections, including Summary Review Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematological System (stop at Clinical evaluation of the hematological system); Summary Review Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function, including Summary Review Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function, including Summary Review Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges.Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay. PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481 Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3 Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5). Retrieved from http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/131/5/505?sso-checked=true Credit Line: Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management by Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I., in Blood Journal, Vol. 131/Issue 5. Copyright 2019 by American Society of Hematology. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Hematology via the Copyright Clearance Center. Rubric Detail Select Grid View or List View to change the rubric\’s layout. Name: NURS_6501_Module7_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric Grid View List View Excellent Good Fair Poor Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following: Explain the factors that affect fertility (STDs) 23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate. The response includes explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing. The response does not include explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. Explain why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID 18 (18%) – 20 (20%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 16 (16%) – 17 (17%) The response includes an accurate analysis of the concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 14 (14%) – 15 (15%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span or is supported by evidence and/or research that is inappropriate. 0 (0%) – 13 (13%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span and is supported by evidence and/or research that is not appropriate or missing. Explain why prostatitis and infection happen. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction. 18 (18%) – 20 (20%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 16 (16%) – 17 (17%) The response includes an accurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 14 (14%) – 15 (15%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 13 (13%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate or missing evidence/research. Explain why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP. 5 (5%) – 10 (10%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations are based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.Explain anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic). 5 (5%) – 10 (10%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations are based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Total Points: 100

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Understanding the conditions affecting men’s and women’s wellbeing, illnesses, and hematological disorders can be essential in diagnosing and treating diseases. This significance is amplified by the acknowledgement that certain illnesses and conditions are manifested distinctly on the basis of the sex of an individual. This paper seeks to analyze the case of a 62 year old female, while focusing on the actors affecting fertility, reasons behind inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID. It also aims to explain why prostatitis and infection happens, the reasons a patient would need a Splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP, and anemia and its different kinds. Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.

Factors Affecting Fertility

In women, fertility can be affected by different elements. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the factors. A research by Turner, Parsi, and Badireddy (2020) showed that pernicious anemia may trigger secondary infertility in both women and men. The 67-year-old female risks becoming infertile as the indications she shows are indications of anemia. Aging is another source of infertility. Females over 40 years of age can have lower quality and quantity of eggs, rendering it impossible for them to conceive (McCance & Huether, 2019). The woman is 67 years old in the scenario. Therefore, she could be infertile since, she has low quality and fewer eggs in her age. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can also affect fertility. In this scenario, the patient suffers from anemia that could have been triggered by STD, like chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Why Inflammatory Makers Rise in STD/PID

The body normally responds to illness or injury through a process called inflammation. Inflammation makers can increase in the pelvic region when the position is injured or infected (Low & Broutet, 2017). The patient addressed in this situation is suspected to have acquired chlamydia or gonorrhea, which, in effect, also led to anemia. The amount of inflammatory markers in the pelvic region could rise with regards to gonorrhea or chlamydia infection. These inflammatory markers could include CA-125, CRP, and ESR.

Why Prostatitis and Infection Happens

Prostatitis is a bacterial infection affecting the prostate gland. The illness is often not associated with any signs or symptoms. A patient suffering from prostatitis may develop prostate cancer if he is not treated. Esterichia coli, mirabilis, and proteus, are bacteria that are responsible for this condition. As per McCance and Huether (2019), prostatitis can develop when infected urine gets into the prostate gland a serious prostatitis infection can trigger a systematic reaction called sepsis. In this case, the patient is a woman and she does not have prostate glands; hence, she cannot develop the illness.

The Need for Splenectomy

ITP patients have to undergo a procedure known as splenectomy in order to treat the condition. Pernicious anemia is one ITP and is brought by insufficient vitamin B-12 (Stauder, Valent, and Theurl, 2019). Those whose bodies’ have less vitamin B are affected by the disease. Individuals with pernicious anemia present indications, such as changes in temperament, unresponsiveness, tingling, and feebleness. Individuals with this condition need Splenectomy to assist in preventing them from having to lose damaged platelets (Kessler, 2019). The woman in the case needs splenectomy since she has pernicious anemia.

Anemia and Types of Anemia

Anemia arises when one has inadequate red blood cells in his or her body. There are two major categories of anemia namely micro-and macro-anemia. The presence of small sizes of red blood cells in the body is referred to as micro-anemia (Nagalia, 2019). Iron deficiency results in this type of anemia. Macrocytic anemia is brought by a condition whereby the red blood cells are bigger than usual. Alcoholism, myelodysplastic syndrome, and liver dysfunction are the factors that lead macro-anemia (Kessler, 2019). Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.

Conclusion

Conclusively, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) do not mean the end of the world. Nevertheless, because they are illnesses, we try to do our utmost to minimize their potential to reach into our bodies, since they may have undesirable health effects.

References

Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges. PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3.

Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5).

Factors Affecting Fertility

Why Inflammatory Makers Rise in STD/PID

The body normally responds to illness or injury through a process called inflammation. Inflammation makers can increase in the pelvic region when the position is injured or infected (Low & Broutet, 2017). The patient addressed in this situation is suspected to have acquired chlamydia or gonorrhea, which, in effect, also led to anemia. Inflammatory makers, like CRP, CA-, 125, and ESR, could therefore increase in her pelvic area in response to chlamydia or gonorrhea infection.

Why Prostatitis and Infection Happens

Prostatitis is a bacterial infection affecting the prostate gland. The illness is often not associated with any signs or symptoms. If left untreated for a long period, a prostatitis patient is at risk of developing prostate cancer. Some of the bacteria that lead to prostatitis include mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Proteus. As per McCance and Huether (2019), prostatitis can develop when infected urine gets into the prostate gland a serious prostatitis infection can trigger a systematic reaction called sepsis. In this case, the patient is a woman and she does not have prostate glands; hence, she cannot develop the illness.

The Need for Splenectomy

Splenectomy is a procedure used in the treatment of patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). One ITP is pernicious anemia. According to Stauder, Valent, and Theurl (2019) pernicious anemia is a disorder triggered by deficiency of vitamin B-12. The disease affects those with less vitamin B12 in the system. Pernicious anemia is associated with symptoms, such as changes in personality, numbness, tingling, and weakness. Individuals with this condition need Splenectomy to assist in preventing them from having to lose damaged platelets (Kessler, 2019). The woman in the case needs splenectomy since she has pernicious anemia.

Anemia and Types of Anemia

Anemia arises when one has inadequate red blood cells in his or her body. Anemia is classified into two categories, namely micro-and macro-anemia. Microcytic anemia is a type of anemia defined by small sizes of red blood cells (Nagalia, 2019). Anemia triggered by iron deficiency is one of the anemic illnesses under micro-anemia. Macrocytic anemia is brought by a condition whereby the red blood cells are bigger than usual. The illness may be triggered by alcoholism, myelodysplastic syndrome, and liver dysfunction (Kessler, 2019). The type of anemia that the client has in this case is microanemia due to STD and iron deficiency.

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Conclusion

References

Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges. PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3.

Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5).

Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

According to Nagalia (2019), Anemia refers to low red blood cells or hemoglobin. The condition may be divided into different types depending on red blood cell volume. Microcytic Anemia refers to a condition whereby red blood cells are smaller than usual. In Macrocytic Anemia, the red blood cells are larger. The above classification is used as it assists in the determination of the cause of the Anemia.

The patient, a 67-year-old female, presented with complaints of fatigue, shortness of breath, weakness, mild numbness in her feet, and unintentional weight. The patient’s medical history shows that she suffers from hypothyroidism, for which she has been taking Synthroid 100 mcg/day. Her medical history and current symptoms suggest that the patient suffers from a form of Anemia. Macrocytic Anemia may, in severe cases, cause shortness of breath, fatigue or tiredness, and sometimes pale skin. Weight loss sometimes accompanies this form of Anemia, especially if the patient also suffers from another condition such as cancer (Nagalia, 2019).

The patient’s symptoms resulting from Macrocytic Anemia may affect their physical abilities. One such symptom is the development of restless leg syndrome, which will affect their movement. The dizziness and weakness associated with the condition will also affect their ability to carry out normal daily functions. Her pale skin could also prove to be easily bruised, thus resulting in injuries. Anemia could have other effects on a patient’s body apart from those described by the patient. If untreated, the condition could result in spoon-shaped and brittle nails as well as possible hair loss. The patient’s sense of taste could also change. Furthermore, the patient could develop arrhythmia if her condition remains untreated.

Throughout a person’s life, Anemia could have severe consequences not only on their health but also to their economic and social development. For instance, in 2010, Anemia would account for about 68 million years of life that those suffering from it have lived in disability. This is roughly 9% of the disability burden from every condition (Visagie et al., 2019). Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay. The negative effects of this condition on development and health outcomes are a function of the impact of a decrease in the delivery of oxygen to the tissues. Some effects arise from the underlying cause of the disease, which is hard to identify.

While disorders of the blood affect both women and men with the same severity, women will often be more symptomatic (Kessler, 2019). This is because of the hemostatic challenges that accompany menstruation, pregnancies, and childbirth. The prevalence of this condition in any population study is dependent on the Hb concentration chosen as the lower limit of normal value. With the World Health Organization (WHO) lower limit of 12.5 g/dL, about 8% of women and 4% of men have a lower value than those cited by WHO (Visagie et al., 2019).

Because Anemia is related to poor health outcomes, its prevalence is an important indicator in public health. The prevalence of this condition varies among different races. For every age group, for instance, and both sexes, blacks have been seen to have a higher prevalence of this condition. The proportion of Hispanics with this condition is also higher than the number of whites suffering from Anemia. Black women of reproductive age have also seen more instances of Anemia than white women in the same category by about five times (Stauder et al., 2019).

Patient characteristics are a major determinant of how disorders affect individuals. In the case of Anemia, as stated above, women are more likely to be affected by the disease. This is a function of the loss of blood at childbirth and during monthly periods. This is especially the case for women suffering from fibroids and those that experience heavy periods (McCance & Huether, 2019). Children between ages one and two are also affected by this disease. This is due to th3e the fact that their bodies need significant levels of iron during growth spurts. During weaning, some infants may get less iron, thus placing them at risk of developing Anemia. Individuals over the age of 65, such as the patient in question, are also more likely to have diets low in iron. This risk is further increased by chronic illness (Stauder et al., 2019). Finally, people taking blood thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin®), and (BevyxXa®), are also at risk of getting this disease. Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.

References

Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious Anemia [LK1]. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3

Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications, and management. Blood Journal, 131(5). Retrieved from http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/131/5/505?sso-checked=true

Visagie, M., Pearson, K. R., Purvis, T. E., Gehrie, E. A., Resar, L. M., & Frank, S. M. (2019). Greater anemia tolerance among hospitalized females compared to males. Transfusion, 59(8), 2551-2558. Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.

Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay

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