Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Essay

Assignment: Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Note: This Assignment is due on Day 5 of Week 11. If you talk about a possible poor health outcome, do you believe that outcome will occur? Do you believe eye contact and personal contact should be avoided? You would have a difficult time practicing as a nurse if you believed these to be true. But they are very real beliefs in some cultures. Differences in cultural beliefs, subcultures, religion, ethnic customs, dietary customs, language, and a host of other factors contribute to the complex environment that surrounds global healthcare issues. Failure to understand and account for these differences can create a gulf between practitioners and the public they serve. In this Assignment, you will examine a global health issue and consider the approach to this issue by the United States and by one other country. To Prepare: Review the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global health agenda and select one global health issue to focus on for this Assignment. Select at least one additional country to compare to the U.S. for this Assignment. Reflect on how the global health issue you selected is approached in the U.S. and in the additional country you selected. Review and download the Global Health Comparison Matrix provided in the Resources. The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Global Health Comparison Matrix; 1-page Plan for Social Change) Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix Focusing on the country you selected and the U.S., complete the Global Health Comparison Matrix. Be sure to address the following: Consider the U.S. national/federal health policies that have been adapted for the global health issue you selected from the WHO global health agenda.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Essay.Compare these policies to the additional country you selected for study. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of each policy. Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the global health issue you selected. Be specific and provide examples. Using the WHO’s Organization’s global health agenda as well as the results of your own research, analyze how each country’s government addresses cost, quality, and access to the global health issue selected. Explain how the health policy you selected might impact the health of the global population. Be specific and provide examples. Explain how the health policy you selected might impact the role of the nurse in each country. Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. Be specific and provide examples. Part 2: A Plan for Social Change Reflect on the global health policy comparison and analysis you conducted in Part 1 of the Assignment and the impact that global health issues may have on the world, the U.S., your community, as well as your practice as a nurse leader. In a 1-page response, create a plan for social change that incorporates a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader. Explain how you would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader. Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact your local practice and role as a nurse leader. Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change. Be specific and provide examples. By Day 5 of Week 11 Submit Part 1 and Part 2 of your Assignment. Submission and Grading Information To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following: Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK11Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name. Click the Week 11 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment. Click the Week 11 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area. Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK11Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open. If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database. Click on the Submit button to complete your submission. Grading Criteria

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Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix

HIV/AIDS is among the most crucial global health issues in which the World Health Organization invests, to end the epidemic. HIV/AIDS is a serious global health issue according to WHO considering more than one million people die of HIV/AIDS annually, and more than 70 million acquired the infection. More than 35 million people worldwide have died from HIV/AIDS since it was discovered in 1984. Today, according to WHO, about 37 million people living with HIV, and the most vulnerable population is the sex workers, transgender people, men who have sex with men (MSMs), and people in prison. Reaching this population is extremely challenging, especially in low-income countries. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Essay. In the United States, approximately 1.2 million people living with HIV, and about 14% of them are unaware of it. This disease has a disproportionate impact on specific populations in the U.S, especially the ethnic minorities and the homosexual, bisexual, and transgender men (HIV.gov, 2020). Therefore, HIV in the U.S. is still an epidemic that qualifies as a global health issue.

In the United States, various health policies are in place to manage HIV/AIDS in the country as a significant health issue.

• A major health policy implemented in the U.S. towards HIV/AIDS would be the legal policy that criminalizes behaviors that lead to potential HIV infection, expose others to HIV infections, and require the disclosure of one’s HIV status to their partner or needle-sharing partner. This legal policy on HIV has the advantage of reducing infections because people adhering to the law are likely to reduce activities that would lead to infection (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). However, this law may unfairly incriminate someone who discloses their status and is accused of non-disclosure because of a lack of evidence.
• The government, through the CDC, also implements HIV surveillance programs to monitor the disease and its rate of infection (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). An advantage of this policy is that it allows the government to monitor the infection rates, which helps in planning and allocation of resources into the HIV programs and initiatives in healthcare facilities. However, a major disadvantage with such a policy is that it requires mandatory testing for HIV in the U.S in specific cases, which may infringe on a patient’s rights.

The United Kingdom has similar HIV/AIDS policies to the United States.

• The U.K. government criminalizes spreading HIV infections where the person infected knows and understands how it is transmitted, that they are infected, knows that the other person is unaware of their status, and fails to take precautions such as using condoms (George House Trust, 2020). The advantage of this law, which is similar to that in the U.S, is that it reduces the spread of infections through criminalization.
• Another significant policy in the United Kingdom for HIV/AIDS would be the Treat All policy that the National Health Service in the U.K. implemented in 2013. This policy entails treating all patients diagnosed with HIV immediately upon they discover to be HIV+. To facilitate this policy, the government, through the NHS, funds 100% of the treatment in ART for those diagnosed with HIV (Avert, 2019). An important advantage of this policy is that it is inclusive and makes treatment available and affordable to everyone.

The Social Determinants of Health

These refer to the various social and economic factors that influence the health outcomes of people. The main social determinants of health include community and social support, cultural and social norms, availability of affordable food and housing, and access to economic opportunities. A significant determinant of health within the HIV discourse is a community and social support. HIV patients tend to experience stigmatization is communities with limited knowledge and exposure to HIV. Stigmatization is a significant factor that impedes the process of HIV management in patients because they avoid visiting hospitals for medical care or accessing their ARTs.

Another social determinant of health for HIV would be limited access to economic opportunities. Poverty is a serious impediment in healthcare because it limits a patient’s ability to access quality healthcare and purchase the requisite medication for various illnesses. While in countries like the U.K, the medication for HIV is free, some HIV patients develop opportunistic infections, which tend to require additional healthcare. Poverty limits their ability to purchase medication, and this leads to negative health outcomes for them.

Addressing HIV in the U.S. and the U.K.

In the United States, the government, through the HHS and the CDC, provide state and federal funding to healthcare facilities to enable them to offer HIV medical services such as screening, testing, preventative facilities such as condom dispensers, PrEp, PEP, and ARTs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). The U.K. government provides similar services and funds healthcare facilities through the NHS to provide patients with free ART medication, screening, and testing of HIV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Essay.

In the two countries, there exist numerous community-based HIV organizations, which provide individuals living with HIV with medication and other medical services related to this illness. For instance, in the U.S., community-based organizations include AIDS Healthcare Foundation, San Francisco AIDS Foundation, and AVAC, among others. In the United Kingdom, the CBOs include Terrence Higgins Trust, Frontline AIDS, StopAIDS, and PositivelyUK, among other organizations.

HIV and Global Health Population

            HIV impacts the health of the global population by reducing the immunity of infected individuals, hence, paving the way for opportunistic infections, which weaken the body. HIV reduces health equity for the global population, mainly because of the different social determinants of health in different countries. For instance, in developing countries, the rate of infection is higher compared to developed countries. Additionally, healthcare equality is lower in the developing countries, and access to quality healthcare is limited. Therefore, the impact of HIV is felt harder in these countries. Therefore, these factors contribute to negative health outcomes for patients, which may sometimes include death.

HIV and the Role of the Nurse

In the United States and the United Kingdom, there are legal policies that seek to protect the general population from sinister or malicious HIV infections from infected individuals. In the healthcare settings, nurses interact with the patients, especially after HIV diagnosis, where the patient understands when they were infected, and by whom. In such cases, the nurses should help the patient report the issue to the relevant law authorities if they were maliciously infected. The nurse, in this case, would play the role of a caregiver, as well as legal guidance to the patient, to encourage them to exercise their rights based on the HIV policies in the country.

In the two countries, HIV would affect healthcare organizations and policies by creating a need that requires the enactment of new policies to enhance healthcare. For example, one of the most crucial policies that HIV AIDS has led to the enactment of policies related to malicious and intentional HIV infection, the funding for patients to receive for ARTs, and improved access to care for patients, through the Treat All policy in the United Kingdom.

Part 2: A Plan for Social Change

            A global perspective lens I would like for my healthcare organization to adopt would be the Treat all policy. I believe that this policy is inclusive, and with a trigger, the respective government to fund community programs and initiatives that manage HIV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Essay.  To advocate for the incorporation of the global perspective, I would make a presentation to my healthcare organization, outlining the advantages of the Treat all policy in the organization, and for the population. The next step would be to expose the rest of the nurses, and management to the concept by holding a few sessions by week. These short courses are important in implementing a global perspective in a healthcare setting. It is necessary to keep refreshing everyone to ensure that his or her HIV/AIDS knowledge is updated and improved to serve the patients.

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            Incorporating a global lens of Treat all may impact my local practice as a local leader because it would increase the number of patients visiting the hospital since most patients will feel comfortable visiting the hospitals, and seeking treatment. Therefore, as the nurse leader, my role would be to ensure that all patients receive quality care by ensuring that all patients experienced underwent proper triage and other important medical services before receiving treatment. As the nurse, I will take additional measures to ensure that all patients understand the importance of HIV, to compel them to get tested so that they know their status. This outcome enhances my professional role as a nurse because it creates a platform for me to over a different kind of care and offers leadership. Additionally, this global perspective towards HIV treatment would also help me, as a nurse, help the patients access healthcare equality.

This Treat all policy is also ideal for HIV patients because it allows them an opportunity to access quality healthcare, which is an aspect of healthcare equality. As mentioned before, the Treat all policies are supposed to be inclusive and ensuring that all HIV/AIDS patients have equal access to medical care. As a nurse, I believe that this policy for me will help me help the patients exploit this chance for better health outcomes.

Global Lens and Social Change

From the discussions above, the outcomes for implementing the Treat all policy include better healthcare quality for the patients, increased healthcare equality for the patients, and an increase in the number of healthy people because of these outcomes. Generally, the mentioned factors are critical inhibitors in achieving positive health outcomes for the global population in different parts of the world. Therefore, by implementing these changes, the nurse would be creating a social change in the healthcare discourse because of the improvements in the different areas mentioned. The best interventions are those that bring about social change, while at the same time, benefitting the patient. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Essay.

References

Avert. (2019). HIV and AIDS in the United Kingdom (UK). Avert. Retrieved 11 August 2020, from https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/western-central-europe-north-america/uk.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). HIV-Specific Criminal Laws | Law | Policy and Law | HIV/AIDS | CDC. Cdc.gov. Retrieved 11 August 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/law/states/exposure.html.

George House Trust. (2020). HIV and the Law. Ght.org.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2020, from https://ght.org.uk/hivandthelaw.

HIV. gov. (2020). U.S. Statistics. HIV.gov. Retrieved 11 August 2020, from https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Essay .