The Biologic Basis For Disease in Adults And Children Essay

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days who were assigned different case studies than you. Analyze the possible conditions from your colleagues’ differential diagnoses. Determine which of the conditions you would reject and why. Identify the most likely condition, and justify your reasoning. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

First Response:
“Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings. Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources. Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of Learning Objectives. Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed. Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

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Case 3: Knee Pain

Photo Credit: University of Virginia. (n.d.). Normal Knee Anatomy [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/ext/7knee/01anatomy.html. Used with permission of University of Virginia.

A 15-year-old male reports dull pain in both knees. Sometimes one or both knees click, and the patient describes a catching sensation under the patella. In determining the causes of the knee pain, what additional history do you need? What categories can you use to differentiate knee pain? What are your specific differential diagnoses for knee pain? What physical examination will you perform? What anatomic structures are you assessing as part of the physical examination? What special maneuvers will you perform? Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

Episodic/Focused SOAP Note Template

Patient Information:

J.S, age 15, male, Caucasian

S.

CC: “Dull pain in both knees”

HPI: John Smith is a 15-year-old male who has been brought in today by his mother for dull pain in both knees. Pain initially began starting hockey season in December 2021, and was controlled with Ibuprofen and ice, and nearly was absent prior to just starting soccer season. Sometimes one or both knees click, and the patient describes a catching sensation under the patella. Reports currently 2/10 dull pain, and increased to 5/10 dull aching after physical activity that is controlled with PRN Ibuprofen. Patient reports needing Ibuprofen daily in the evening after soccer practice for aching knees. Without other associated symptoms. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

Current Medications: Children’s multivitamin daily since age 2

Ibuprofen 200 mg, 1-2 tabs every 6-8 hours PRN pain and no more than 4 tabs in 24 hours

Allergies: Denies medication, latex, food, or environmental allergies

PMHx: Frequent ear and throat infections in early elementary

Tonsillectomy age 10 for chronic infections Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

Soc Hx: Lives in a safe suburb in a single floor house. Parents married and both work out of the house. Patient has a 12 year old younger brother whom he actively plays outside with. Patient is without exposure to secondhand smoke, and denies tobacco, ETOH, or illicit drug use. He reports enjoying seeing his friends at school and sports; actively playing soccer, recently finished hockey season, and enjoying physical play with friends after school. Mother reports routine well-child visits and patient is up to date on immunizations, has own transportation. Mother reports limiting sugary drinks, a balanced diet, and child is a good eater.

Fam Hx: Brother: without hx. Mother: without hx. Father: asthma as a child. Maternal grandmother: bilateral knee replacement. Maternal grandfather: HTN. Paternal grandmother: hip replacement. Paternal grandfather: no known history. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

Immunizations: Up to date on immunizations.

Influenza vaccine 10-20-2021

ROS:

GENERAL: Denies weight loss, – fever, -chills, -fatigue.

CARDIOVASCULAR: Denies chest pain, chest pressure or chest discomfort. No palpitations or edema.

RESPIRATORY: Denies shortness of breath, or cough. Denies hx asthma. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

MUSCULOSKELETAL: Is + for bilateral knee pain, warm to touch with slight non-pitting edema around bilateral knees. Denies other muscle, back pain, joint pain or stiffness.

SKIN: Denies rash or itching.

O.

Physical exam:

Vital signs: T98.6, P76, RR 22, BP 112/72, O2 sat 98%. Wt. 164 lbs, Ht 5’ 10” Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

General: Pt appears well groomed, well nourished, without noted distress.

Cardiovascular: HRRR, S1 and S2 audible without murmur, rub, clicks, or gallops.

Respiratory: Chest symmetrical, breath sounds clear to auscultation and percussion.

Musculoskeletal: Spine flexion, extension, and lateral bending as expected without discomfort. Hip strength 5/5 without discomfort, symmetrical. Bilateral knees + pain, + tenderness with slight edema, without noted trauma or ecchymosis, without synovitis. Knee strength 5/5 with mild discomfort to resisted active extension of the knee, and tenderness at the tibial tuberosity, without crepitus. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay Negative McMurray’s maneuver, negative Lachman’s test, negative bulge sign, + patellar grind/click with flexion to bilateral knees. Bilateral ankles inspected without noted abnormality or irregular alignment. Ankle eversion and inversion, and dorsi plantar flexion and extension ROM as expected without discomfort.

Diagnostic results: X-ray, Ultrasound, MRI, RH factor, arthrocentesis

Differential Diagnosis:

1.) Osgood Schlatter

2.) Chondromalacia Patellae

3.) Tendonitis

4.) Bursitis

5.) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA): Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

1.) Osgood Schlatter: This disease involves tendinitis of the anterior patellar tendon (which the patella is embedded) and associated osteochondrosis of the tubercle of the tibia (McCance, et al., 2019). The disease is more prominent in young male athletes resulting of quad muscles pulling on the growth plate (McCance, et al., 2019). An x-ray would show bony irregularity and fragmentation, mild soft tissue swelling at the patellar tendon site, and possible joint effusion (Jia Hong Lam, et al., 2019). Full extension and flexion will increase pain over the tibial tubercle, with the joint examination of the knee being normal (McCance, et al., 2019). The patient is an adolescent male participating in sports, and physical and subjective findings support this diagnosis. An MRI may be necessary and ordered by a specialist, and a referral to PT is warranted. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

2.) Chondromalacia Patellae: This condition is caused by patella misalignment, trauma, or anatomic anomalies in the patellofemoral joint cartilage (Caglar, et al., 2020). An anteroposterior x-ray may show an ellipsoid sign (changes in the subchondral bone due to cartilage loss) is present and is a cost-effective screen over an MRI study (Caglar, et al., 2020). Patients typically present with anterior knee pain and often describe the pain to be dull rather than a sharp pain (Caglar, et al., 2020). The patient describes the pain as dull and is also an active athlete. Bilateral knee pain and observations listed also support this diagnosis. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

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3.) Tendonitis: Involves inflammation of the synovium-lined sheath around a tendon with a point of tenderness around the involved tendon that increases with active movement (Ball, et al., 2019). Increased prominence in athletes and people affected often report a dull achy knee that may be associated with a clicking (McClance, et al., 2019). ROM may be limited by pain with a normal joint examination (McClance, et al., 2019). The quadriceps femoris angle will help evaluate the strain placed on the patellofemoral joint and aid in diagnosing painful disorders of the knee. Also, the patient reports a clicking sensation with knee joint extension and flexion. Tenderness is noted over the inferior patellar ligament. Subjective and objective findings support the signs and symptoms of tendonitis. However, it is without associated femoral anteversion or ankle varus, making this diagnosis less likely (recognizing this association is not an absolute). Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

4.) Prepatellar Bursitis: Prepatellar bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa in the front of the patella. When the bursa becomes irritated and produces too much fluid, the localized swelling increases pressure on adjacent knee structures (Sheth, et al., 2016). Ultrasound will help visualize the bursa, and aspiration may be used as treatment and laboratory findings for crystals or infection (Sheth, et al., 2016). An MRI is often not needed unless differential diagnoses need to be evaluated. The patients’ subjective findings support this diagnosis; however, minimal swelling noted with pain primarily over the tibial tubercle make this diagnosis less likely. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

5.) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA): The clinical manifestations differ from an adult, such as; the onset may of arthritis may be fewer than five joints and predominantly affects large joints (McCance, et al., 2019). In JIA, systemic signs of inflammation and generalized headaches are not typical as they are in adult RA (McCance, et al., 2019). The knee joint is also the first and most commonly affected joint by JIA (Hemke, et al., 2018). The MRI is considered the standard to visualize bone marrow and structural abnormalities affected by JIA fully. Lab studies may include an ESR, CRP, CBC, and urinalysis if systemic symptoms are present (Hemke, et al., 2018). Obtaining an RH factor and an arthrocentesis offer specific data when diagnosing JIA (McCance, et al., 2019). The patient has increased pain during and after exercise. Also, the knees are not warm to the touch and are without other associated symptoms. Therefore, this diagnosis will be the least likely given subjective and objective findings. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

References

Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Musculoskeletal system: Key points. In Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

Çaglar, S., & Albay, C. (2020). Can Ellipsoid Sign be One of the Earliest Findings of the Medial Femoral Condyle Chondromalacia of Knee Antero Posterior X-Ray?. Indian journal of orthopaedics, 54(4), 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43465-020-00140-4

Hemke, R., Tzaribachev, N., Barendregt, A. M., Merlijn van den Berg, J., Doria, A. S., & Maas, M. (2018). Imaging of the knee in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatric Radiology, 48(6), 818–827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-017-4015- Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay

Jia Hong Lam, J., Venkatesh, S. H., Chi Long Ho, Wong, B. S. S., Lam, J. J. H., & Ho, C. L. (2019). Clinics in diagnostic imaging (202). Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD). Singapore Medical Journal, 60(12), 610–615. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2019160

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Sheth, Neil P. MD, Jared R.H. Foran, MD. (2016). Prepatellar (kneecap) bursitis. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00338. Clinics in Diagnostic Imaging Essay