Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper

Bipolar II

Formerly known as manic depression, bipolar disorder is a mental health illness that leads to serious mood swings that comprise emotional lows (depression) and highs (hypomania or mania). Further, when people are depressed, they feel hopeless or sad and may exasperate pleasure or interest in many pursuits. Moreover, when moods change to hypomania or mania, people may feel unusually irritable or euphoric, and the mood swings may impact the capability to think evidently behavior, sleep, and judgment. Notably, incidences of mood changes may happen sporadically or many times annually, and while most individuals may encounter some emotional manifestations between incidences, some may not encounter any. Even though bipolar disorder is a long-lasting mental illness, people can manage and control mood changes and other manifestations by following a strict treatment strategy. There are different types of this condition, and this paper will examine bipolar II comprehensively. This bipolar is similar to bipolar I, with moods cycling between low and high over time. Nonetheless, in bipolar II, the up moods do not get to fully-fledged mania. Also, people impacted by this bipolar have had at least a single hypomania incidence in their lives. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper

Prevalence and Neurobiology

Epidemiology: This bipolar possesses a similar prevalence as bipolar I, with a pervasiveness of 0.8% in America and 0.3% globally. Further, these amalgamated prevalence ratios of all types of bipolar are 1.8% (Psychdb, 2022). Notably, the median age of outset for bipolar II is mid-twenties, which is later than bipolar I. However, this is earlier than major depressive disorder. Furthermore, women are more likely to be diagnosed than men.

ORDER  HERE A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

The neurobiology of this condition is a composite and changing field. Further, the neurobiology of bipolar II is a dynamic and multifaceted procedure, and research is ongoing. Many studies have assessed the neurobiology of bipolar, but few have considered bipolar II and I separately. Thus, while the comprehension of the specific neurobiology of bipolar II may be incomplete, various pivotal neurobiological components have been suggested, such as neurotransmitter dysregulation. For instance, anomalies in serotonin signaling have been seen in people with this condition.

Moreover, serotonin plays a vital function in mood management, and disparities in this neurotransmitter may lead to hypomanic and depressive manifestations. Further, dysfunction in brain circuits like the prefrontal cortex, where aberrant functioning has been observed, can lead to mood changes and reduced impulse management and control. Also, the amygdala, encompassed in processing emotional reactions, may portray changed activity in people with this condition, particularly during mood incidents. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper

Further, neuroinflammation, distinguished by elevated levels of inflammatory indicators in the brain, may play a critical function in the condition. Further, chronic swelling can impact functionality and lead to mood agitations.

Differences between Bipolar II and Cyclothymic Disorder

Diagnostic criteria for bipolar II: This condition is diagnosed when a person encounters at least one significant depressive incident and at least a single hypomanic incident. Furthermore, the diagnostic basis for hypomanic incidence in bipolar II comprises a different era of unusually and tenaciously raised, expansive, or grumpy mood, lasting for almost 28 days. Also, hypomanic incidences are linked with intensified activity or energy, reduced demand for sleep, impulsivity, and racing thoughts.

Symptoms Demonstration: The most outstanding facet is recurrent depressive incidents, which might be weakening and severe. Hypomanic incidences are less serious than manic incidences in bipolar I. Notably, people with bipolar II may experience irritability instead of drastic euphoria during hypomanic incidences. Moreover, mood incidences in this condition tend to be diminished in duration than cyclothymic, with depressive incidences often continuing for weeks or months and hypomanic incidences for a few weeks to days.

Cyclothymic diagnostic criteria: This condition is diagnosed when a person encounters many episodes of hypomanic manifestations (like those observed in bipolar II) and depressive signs over a cycle of two years and one year in adolescents and children (Tyson & Robb, 2021). Further, the basis for depressive and hypomanic manifestations in Cyclothymic are similar to bipolar II, although less serious and do not satisfy the criteria for a complete major depressive or hypomanic incident. In symptom presentation, the earmark of this condition is chronic and shifting mood unsteadiness, with instances of hypomanic manifestations switching with times of moderate depressive manifestations. Contrary to bipolar II, the mood switches in this condition do not get to serious levels of full-scale hypomanic or depressive incidents. Lastly, it is characterized by chronicity with signs lasting for two years. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper

Special Populations

Managing and controlling bipolar II in special people needs prudent consideration of ethical, legal, and social determinants of health issues. These groups require distinct pharmaceutical regimens because of the body’s capability to process and eradicate toxins. This means these groups need tailored consideration and approaches because of the unique problems and susceptibilities they face. For instance, adolescents and children, rather than classic hypomania incidences, may possess explosive temper outbursts, irritable moods, and raised energy. In pregnancy and postpartum special groups, it may be dangerous to prescribe certain medications, such as valproate, which can threaten a growing fetus. Also, hormonal transformations during this pregnancy and postpartum era can affect mood. Notably, older adults possess many medical illnesses and may have multiple medications, implying clinicians must consider drug side effects and interactions when administering treatments for this condition.

In children, legal challenges can occur when parents who must give consent disagree with healthcare providers on therapy approaches. Parents might refuse certain approaches because of their culture or beliefs. Notably, in some of these special groups, legal implications may comprise issues of the ability to formulate medical resolutions, mainly if cognitive impairment happens with the condition. Further, for all these special groups, distinct components of mental health may affect the willingness of families to seek therapy for these special groups, and cultural disgrace may play a crucial function in impeding or preventing treatment. Moreover, when balancing the potential risks of side effects and benefits of administering medication, ethical issues may arise. Decisions and resolutions on the modification or continuation of the medication must be carefully considered for all parties. Lastly, social determinants of health like substance use, financial instability, a lack of access to transport services, and a lack of access to mental health services can impede therapy and the overall well-being of these people. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper

FDA and clinical practice

The management and control of bipolar II encompasses an amalgamation of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches Further, the option of pharmacological therapy differs with whether the objective is to tackle acute or blended incidences (when depressive hypomanic and manic manifestations happen concurrently) or to offer maintenance treatment to avert mood incidences. Notably, the Food and Drug Administration and clinical practice directions play a vital function in directing the picking of pharmacological therapy for this disorder.

Mixed and Acute Incidents

Mood stabilizers are seen as the initial line of therapy for mixed and acute incidences of this mental condition (Bhagwagar et al., 2019). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has endorsed various mood stabilizer medications for the therapy of the condition. The first FDA-approved stabilizer is lithium, and it is successful in treating depressive incidences and acute manic. Further, lamotrigine has approval from the agency for the maintenance therapy of bipolar I. However, it has also portrayed success in treating depressive incidences in II. Remarkably, it must be cautiously prescribed and utilized in people with a fast cycling past.

Antipsychotic drugs like lurasidone and quetiapine have the approval of the agency for curing mixed and acute depressive incidents in bipolar. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper

Maintenance Pharmacological Therapy

Maintenance pharmacological therapy in this condition strives to avert mood incidences in the future and improve mood over the long term. Lithium is the cornerstone of maintenance therapy because of its proven success in minimizing depressive and manic incidences. Further, valproate can be used for this purpose, mainly if it has been successful in managing acute incidences and the client tolerates it. Nonetheless, it should be utilized cautiously in pregnant women.

Moreover, therapy decisions and resolutions must be based on a personal basis, implying that the physicians must consider the client’s specific signs, potential side effects, past therapy reactions, and comorbidities. Further, pharmacological can be complemented by psychotherapies like psychoeducation and CBT (Novick & Swartz, 2019). Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper

Prescription Examples

Prescription for Lithium Carbonate

Martin James

James Psychiatry and Psychotherapy

2025 7^th Brainerd

Ramsey, Minnesota, 55119

(208) 828-2576

9/30/2023

To: Sterling’s B Pharmacy

1234 2^nd Avenue Sw

Ramsey, MN 55912

Rx: Lithium Carbonate

Patient Data

Name: Jefferson Johnson

DOB: 10/20/90

Address: 2341 Market Place, Ramsey

Allergies: None

Medication:

Lithium Carbonate

Dosage: 300 mg

Directions: Take one tablet by mouth two times a day with food

Quantity: 60 tablets

Refills: 3

Doctor’s Signature:……………………

Prescription for Valproate

Martin James

James Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper

2025 7^th Brainerd

Ramsey, Minnesota, 55119

(208) 828-2576

9/30/2023

To: Sterling’s B Pharmacy

1234 2^nd Avenue Sw

Ramsey, MN 55912

Rx: Valproate (Divalproex Sodium)

Patient Data

Name: John Henry

DOB: 7/20/92

Address: 3342 Drive Place, Ramsey

Allergies: None

Medication:

Divalproex Sodium (Valproate)

Dosage: 500 mg

Directions: Take 1 tablet by mouth at bedtime

Quantity: 30 tablets

Refills: 2

Doctors Signature ……………….

Prescription for Lamotrigine

Martin James

James Psychiatry and Psychotherapy

2025 7^th Brainerd

Ramsey, Minnesota, 55119

(208) 828-2576

9/30/2023

To: Sterling’s B Pharmacy

1234 2^nd Avenue Sw

Ramsey, MN 55912

Rx: Lamotrigine

Patient Data

Name: Mercy Johnson

DOB: 4/3/93

Address: 2564 West Drive, Ramsey

Allergies: None

Medication:

Lamotrigine

Dosage: 100 mg

Directions: Take 1 tablet by mouth in the morning

Quantity: 90 tablets Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper

Refills: 4

Doctor’s Signature …………………….

In summation, bipolar disorders impact people’s moods, and the severity may depend on the type. Bipolar II is characterized by recurrent incidences of hypomania and depression. Notably, the illness’s neurobiology continues to be researched, and it is a multifaceted procedure. This mental illness can affect different categories of people even though experts contend that its onset is in the mid-20s. Managing this illness requires physicians to use FDA-approved medication that psychotherapies like CBT can complement.

References

Bhagwagar, Z., Goodwin, G., & Geddes, J. (2019). Lithium for acute mania. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(5).

Novick, D. M., & Swartz, H. A. (2019). Evidence-based psychotherapies for bipolar disorder. FOCUS, A Journal of the American Psychiatric Association, 17(3), 238-248.

Psychdb. (2022, February 14). Bipolar II disorder. PsychDB. https://www.psychdb.com/bipolar/bipolar-ii Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper

Tyson, C., & Robb, A. (2021). Unexpected peaks and valleys: Navigating the path to adulthood with a mood disorder. Transition-Age Youth Mental Health Care: Bridging the Gap Between Pediatric and Adult Psychiatric Care, 75-96.

NURS_6630_Week5_Assignment_Rubric
NURS_6630_Week5_Assignment_Rubric
Criteria Ratings Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWrite a 5–6-page paper on the topic of bipolar and bipolar related disorders: • Prevalence • Neurobiology 20 to >17.0 pts
Excellent Point range: 90–100
Discussion includes Prevalence and Neurobiology of chosen bipolar and related disorder. 17 to >15.0 pts
Good Point range: 80–89
Discussion is vague regarding Prevalence and Neurobiology of chosen bipolar and related disorder. 15 to >13.0 pts
Fair Point range: 70–79
Discussion is missing one section for Prevalence and Neurobiology of chosen bipolar and related disorder. 13 to >0 pts
Poor Point range: 0–69
Discussion is inaccurate or missing more than one section for Prevalence and Neurobiology of chosen bipolar and related disorder. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper
20 pts

ORDER  NOW

For this assignment, you will write a 5–6-page paper on the topic of bipolar and bipolar and related disorders. You will create this guide as an assignment; therefore, a title page, introduction, conclusion, and reference page are required. You must include a minimum of 3 scholarly supporting resources outside of your course provided resources.

In your paper, you will choose one of the following diagnoses: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic Disorder, Substance/Medication-Induced Bipolar and Related Disorder, Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition. Your paper will include discussion for your chosen diagnosis of bipolar and related disorder on the following:

Prevalence and Neurobiology of your chosen disorder
Discuss the differences between your chosen disorder and one other bipolar and related disorders in relation to the diagnostic criteria including presentation of symptoms according to DSM 5 TR criteria
Discuss special populations and considerations (children, adolescents, pregnancy/post-partum, older adult, emergency care) for your chosen bipolar and related disorder; demonstrating critical thinking beyond basics of HIPPA and informed consent with discussion of at least one for EACH category: legal considerations, ethical considerations, cultural considerations, social determinants of health
Discuss FDA and/or clinical practice guidelines approved pharmacological treatment options in relation to acute and mixed episodes vs maintenance pharmacological treatment for your chosen bipolar and related disorder
Of the medication treatment options for your chosen disorder discuss side effects, FDA approvals and warnings. What is important to monitor in terms of labs, comorbid medical issues with why important for monitoring
Provide 3 examples of how to write a proper prescription that you would provide to the patient or transmit to the pharmacy. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies For Bipolar Disorder Assignment Paper