Changes in Bone Matrix Properties With Aging Assignment
Module 3: Case Study
Foramen Ovale
During fetal development, the fetus depends on the umbilical artery to receive oxygenated blood and maintain perfusion. The foramen ovale is an opening between the left and right atria (Teshome et al., 2020). Since the lungs are not actively involved in blood oxygenation, the foramen ovale bypasses the pulmonary circulation facilitating the blood movement from the right to left atria during circulation during fetal development.
The junction between the superior vena cava and the right atrium is called the cavoatrial junction. The junction’s anatomy is vital in inserting the central venous dialysis catheter. The junction provides an optimum landmark for a central venous catheter, with the tip of the catheter placed outside the superior vena cava (Mo et al., 2020). The functional catheter length can be determined by identifying the cavoatrial joint, which guides the distal part of the superior vena cava, which is monitored when the central venous dialysis catheter is inserted. Changes in Bone Matrix Properties With Aging Assignment
Bone and its Qualities
Bones play a significant role in the human body by offering form, structure, supporting tissues, and muscle attachment. The core components of the bone include the bone cells (osteocytes, vitamins, minerals, and bone matrix glycoproteins (El-Hussein et al., 2018). The osteocytes promote bone growth, repair, and transition in shape and structure, while the bone marrow in long bones produces reticulocytes responsible for red blood cell production.
The bone responds to injury stress and aging in different dimensions. During injury and stress, the bone undergoes remodeling using the osteoclasts and osteoblasts to regain full functionality (Burr, 2019). On the other hand, the bones’ density and strength reduce with an increase in age and result in increased brittleness. Besides, osteoporosis can occur if the old bone is reabsorbed faster than the formation of the new bone. The resulting bone is less dense, thin, and porous. Changes in Bone Matrix Properties With Aging Assignment
References
Burr, D. B. (2019). Changes in bone matrix properties with aging. Bone, 120, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2018.10.010
El-Hussein, M., Power-Kean, K., Zettel, S., Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2018). Understanding pathophysiology. Elsevier.
Mo, H., Ahn, S., Lee, J., Cho, S., & Min, S. K. (2020). Optimal prediction of the central venous catheter insertion depth targeting the cavoatrial junction. World Journal of Surgery, 44, 2170-2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-020-05449-7
Teshome, M. K., Najib, K., Nwagbara, C. C., Akinseye, O. A., & Ibebuogu, U. N. (2020). Patent Foramen Ovale: A Comprehensive Review. Current Problems in Cardiology, 45(2), 100392
Part 1
A 14-month-old girl is brought to the emergency department. When the child woke from her afternoon nap, the mother noted that she did not use her left arm and had difficulty standing without falling. The staff attaches the child to a cardiorespiratory monitor and a pulse oximeter to monitor the oxygen saturation of the hemoglobin. Although all vital signs are normal, the child is listless and barely responds to the staff’s interventions. An emergency computed tomographic (CT) scan is ordered, and the child is noted to have suffered a small stroke. The child is transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit for close monitoring. By the next morning, the child has begun to use her left arm; although a little wobbly, she keeps pulling herself up to stand while in the crib. A neurologist examines the little girl and orders some laboratory tests and an echocardiogram. Once the tests are complete, the neurologist meets with the mother and explains that the child has a congenital cardiac anomaly: patent foramen ovale. There is an opening in the heart, called the foramen ovale, before birth that closes shortly after birth. If it does not close, this condition is called a patent foramen ovale. Changes in Bone Matrix Properties With Aging Assignment
1.The foramen ovale is a valvular opening, describe the location and significance.
2. This opening has no effect on the normal electrical impulses in the heart. The usual pacemaker of the heart is located at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, name this part and it’s function.
Part 2
ME is a 64-year-old female who was diagnosed with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. She has done some reading on the diseases but would like to know more about the pathology of the bone and how these diseases affect it.
1. Explain the composition of the bone and its unique qualities.
2. Discuss the bones’ response to injury, stress, and aging. Changes in Bone Matrix Properties With Aging Assignment