Pathophysiological Problems Associated with Obstructed Sleep Apnea Discussion Paper

Sleep apnea is associated with both anatomical and non atomical risk factors which interfere with air flow in the upper airways. Muscles in the neck region partially loose their tonic activity when one is sleeping leading to dynamic collapse during respiration. The reduced tonic activity leads to an increase in the resistance of the airflow which can result in poor oxygenation and a disrupted sleep pattern. Overtime, these activities leads to effects to the cardiopulmonary function and neurological functions (Cumpston E, 2021). It is also associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, depression, diabetes and sleep related accidents. Pathophysiological Problems Associated with Obstructed Sleep Apnea Discussion Paper

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Development and Associated Conditions Which Leads to Pulmonary Embolus.

WHO reports that 15% of reported maternal mortality deaths is secondary to complications of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The various physiological changes that occurs in pregnancy i.e. increase in the procoagulation factors, increased blood volume distention of blood vessels and injury to the vessels due to the chemicals circulating in the mothers’ body predisposes them to VTE. Preexisting thrombophilia’s, obesity, previous VTEs and immobility increases one’s chances of developing this condition. A thrombus in pregnancies mostly start up in the pelvis as opposed to deep veins of the lower extremities. It dislodges and travels up to the lungs and lodges in the arteries impairing blood flow. Pathophysiological Problems Associated with Obstructed Sleep Apnea Discussion Paper

In summary, pregnancy is a risk factor for development of pulmonary embolism and pregnant women should be highly monitored to avoid deaths. Sleep apnea on the other hand can be supportively managed e.g. by weight loss and applying positive airway pressure.

References.

Cumpston E, Chen P. Sleep Apnea Syndrome. [Updated 2021 Dec 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564431/

Vyas V, Goyal A. Acute Pulmonary Embolism. [Updated 2022 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560551/

1. Clinicians have developed an appreciation for obstructive sleep apnea. Explain the pathophysiological problems a patient could experience associated with obstructed sleep apnea (OSA).

2. Multiple conditions lead to pulmonary embolus. Articulate the development and associated conditions during pregnancy which lead to pulmonary embolus. Pathophysiological Problems Associated with Obstructed Sleep Apnea Discussion Paper