Discuss About Morphology Of Cells Essay Paper

The smallest replicable unit of life is the cell. These cells number in the millions and make up an adult human. These cells carry out their own functions by producing their own energy and multiplying themselves. However, cells also interact with one another and link together to form a sturdy, tightly bound animal. Organs are made up of cells, tissues, and organs work together to maintain the life of the organism. Cell morphology is the study of the form, size, structure, and composition of cells (Tatapudy et al., 2017). Diverse cell types can have radically distinct appearances and perform extremely different functions in the body. Organelles are the structures that cells frequently share despite their diversity (mini-organs)Discuss About Morphology Of Cells Essay Paper. A cell’s morphology plays a significant role in determining its phenotype and is essential for controlling how the cell behaves. For instance, chondrocytes in native cartilage are immersed in a dense ECM and have a distinctive spherical morphology that is essential for preserving the chondrocytic phenotype.

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There are two major organelles of the cells that are crucial in the functions of the cells namely the nucleus and the cell membrane. The nucleus regulates most of the activities of the cells i.e. it sends out messages that regulates the cell’s growth, division, or death. In a viral infection, some viruses enter into the nucleus of healthy cells and use the cell’s own machinery to replicate (Novikova et al., 2019). The nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear envelop which has small pores that allow the movement of small molecules and ions in and out of the nucleus. Larger molecules are transported across the nucleus envelop through protein transporters. The majority of the cell’s DNA is found in the nucleus. DNA contained in the genes is the hereditary material that is passed down from one generation to the other. A harmful mutation in the genes encoding for a certain genotype, for example vision, will cause defects which will be transferred from that generation to the next generations hence genetical disorders (Harvey et al., 2018)Discuss About Morphology Of Cells Essay Paper.

Another major organelle is the plasma membrane that encloses the organelles of the cell. Phospholipids make up the majority of this membrane, which keeps water-based compounds out of the cell. Numerous receptors are present in the plasma membrane and perform a variety of functions such as transportation of molecules and ions across the membrane, communication of cell to another cell and the environment, binding of cell to others and environment, and recognition of the cell by other cells. During an infection with a bacteria, leukocytes have receptors on their cell membrane which recognises the bacteria as a foreign material, binds it and kills it hence keeps the body disease-free (Alcover et al., 2018)Discuss About Morphology Of Cells Essay Paper.

Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops when genetic mutations arise in the retina’s nerve cells. When healthy cells would die, mutations in the gene would see the cells continue to grow and divide. A tumor is created by the cells’ growing mass in an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern (Rao & Honavar, 2017). Most retinoblastoma instances are caused by RB1 tumor suppressor gene mutations. This gene produces the protein pRb, which aids in slowing down the growth of cells. Normally, each cell contains two RB1 genes. Retinoblastoma is caused by mutations in both alleles of the RB1 gene. Somatic mutations are DNA changes that occur in cells other than the egg and sperm after conception as opposed to germline mutations, which are DNA changes that are inherited from the egg and sperm cells during pregnancy (Soliman et al., 2017). pRB protein is a tumor suppressor protein that regulates cell growth and keeps cells from dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way Discuss About Morphology Of Cells Essay Paper.

References

Alcover, A., Alarcón, B., & Di Bartolo, V. (2018). Cell biology of T cell receptor expression and regulation. Annual Review of Immunology, 36, 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053429

Harvey, Z. H., Chen, Y., & Jarosz, D. F. (2018). Protein-based inheritance: Epigenetics beyond the chromosome. Molecular Cell, 69(2), 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2017.10.030

Novikova, M., Zhang, Y., Freed, E. O., & Peng, K. (2019). Multiple roles of HIV-1 capsid during the virus replication cycle. Virologica Sinica, 34(2), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-019-00095-3

Rao, R., & Honavar, S. G. (2017). Retinoblastoma. Indian J Pediatr, 84, 937–944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2395-0

Soliman, S. E., Racher, H., Zhang, C., Heather, M., & Gallie, B. L. (2017). Genetics and molecular diagnostics in retinoblastoma — An update. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, 6(2), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.22608/apo.201711

Tatapudy, S., Aloisio, F., Barber, D., & Nystul, T. (2017). Cell fate decisions: Emerging roles for metabolic signals and cell morphology. EMBO reports, 18(12), 2105-2118. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201744816 Discuss About Morphology Of Cells Essay Paper

Part 1: Discuss Morphology of cells and the factor it plays in general function and structure. Also, choose a condition from the following case studies: (Week 1 Case Study Details). You may work in small groups of up to 3 students if desired.

Part 2: Select two different students/topics and discuss the difference between various cells and the role these cells play in specific disease processes.

MSN 570 Week 1 Case Studies Discuss About Morphology Of Cells Essay Paper

A 2 two year old  male presents with a retinal tumor and ultimately Retinoblastoma.

1. What is retinoblastoma, and what is the pattern of inheritance for this type of cancer?
2. What type of gene is the retinoblastoma gene, and how does mutation in this gene give rise to cancer? Be sure to indicate the consequences of mutating one or both of the alleles for this gene.
3. What is the difference between a germline and a somatic mutation?
4. What is the normal function of the pRB protein with regard to cell cycle regulation?
   

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An 18 year old male presents with ADHD, small testes and learning disabilities. After a workup it is determined that he has a kerotype 47 XXY.

1. Discuss meiosis and mitosis.
2. Are the concepts of diffusion, active transport or osmosis implicated in various genetic conditions?  If so, how? If not, explain.
3. Can genetics conditions be reversed, why ore why not? Discuss About Morphology Of Cells Essay Paper