Advanced Pathophysiology Essay

Assignment: Emil Mowry is a 62 y.o., single, Latino rancher who did not complete high school. He remembers rolling his first cigarette when he was 11 years old. He does not remember ever wanting to quit smoking. For the last five years he has had increasing difficulty breathing. Emil was diagnosed by his Family Nurse Practitioner as having emphysema. He was told that he has Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). He did not ask his Nurse Practitioner what this means, but he plans to look it up on the Internet.The expected length of the paper is approximately 4-5 pages, which does not include the cover page and reference page(s). Advanced Pathophysiology Essay. The purpose of this assignment is to create an evidence-based patient-centered educational brochure on the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of, and common treatment options for, COPD that could be used by Nurse Practitioners or Nurse Educators with their patients newly-diagnosed with this disorder. The proposed brochure should include graphics and citations from your textbook and the external, scholarly-practice literature. You may present the content in the electronic format of your choice: single sheet, folded, tri-fold. In other words, you may use MS Word Document, MS Publisher, or any other software to develop your educational brochure. Since your audience are patients, please keep in mind the literacy and numeracy level (some literature suggests no more than 8th grade level literacy and numeracy). Also, please refer to the Assignment Rubric below for grading criteria and to help you complete this assignment. In regards to APA format, please use the following as a guide: Include transitions in your brochure, if needed (i.e. headings or subheadings) Use in-text references throughout the brochure Spelling, grammar, and organization are appropriate Include a reference list (this could be at the end of the brochure or you may submit a separate document listing your references) Attempt to use primary sources only. That said, you may cite reliable electronic sources (i.e. ANA) Advanced Pathophysiology Essay.

ORDER A PLAGIARISM -FREE PAPER NOW

This paper explores a presented case study of a 62 years old rancher who have a lengthy history while smoking. The rancher is diagnosed by a family nurse with a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Advanced Pathophysiology Essay. Unfortunately, the elderly does not have adequate knowledge to understand the condition since he did not complete high school education. This assignment will create an evidence-based patient centered educational brochure discussing about pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, and treatment option applied in the treatment of COPD employed by a nurse practitioner.

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

COPD refers to a chronic inflammatory lung condition that alters normal breathing due to obstruction of airflow from the lungs (Bowerman et al., 2020). Still, the condition can be split in two different diseases that is chronic bronchitis (airway disease) and parenchyma disease (emphysema). Many patients with COPD are linked to have both types of illnesses. Currently, this illness is rapidly increasing the number of patients who succumb from this disease thus expected to be the third cause of death across the globe by 2023.

According to previous research, it is revealed that Emphysema slowly create destruction to air sacs found in the lungs hence interfering with smooth flow of air in and out of the lungs. On the other hand, bronchitis leads in to narrowing and inflammation of the bronchial tubes thereby hindering the generation of mucus on the surface (Saraswathi, 2017). Besides, the main cause of COPD its overtime smoking behavior. The illness is linked to long term exposure of chemicals found in the cigarettes. However, after a lengthy smoking period the victim develops breathing problems as a sign of COPD. Advanced Pathophysiology Essay.

Patients with COPD shows symptoms after a certain 50 -70% of the lung functional ability is lost. During this time the patient start to increasingly have breathing issues and lung functions may be lost at 2-3 times compared to normal rate. Patient having COPD can be diagnosed by application of blood test, imaging test, and lung function test. Even though the condition is lethal since there is no applicable cure to permanently treat the illness. In fact, the only help a practitioner can do is to treat the illness with the aim to reduce symptoms, lowering probable rising complications, and maintain general quality of life to an individual. Some of the applicable intervention to treat COPD include supplemental oxygen therapy, medication, and surgery.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of COPD result from combination of processes of narrowing of the airways and the peripheral airway inflammation (Pirina et al., 2018). However, this process leads to the destruction and limitations of airflow thus leading to the loss of alveoli, capillary vessels that leads to the limitation of decreased gas reaching lung region. The smooth flow of inhaled air is determined by the inflammation levels and development of fibrosis on the air passage.

The obstruction of lungs tissues leads to decrease in elasticity that involves the returning to the original size during inspiration. This process leads in the trapping of inhaled air and hyperinflation. For instance, in chronic bronchitis their condition involves the inactivation of the mucus elevator as well as increase in mucus production that leads to thickening of airways. More so, abnormalities in the exchange of gases takes place due to the reduced ventilation caused by pulmonary vascular bed and loss of alveolar structures.Advanced Pathophysiology Essay.  Presence of low oxygen levels and increase of deoxygenated blood is as a result of impaired gas transfer that may worsen as the patient progress with the condition.

What is the clinical manifestation of COPD?

Although COPD is not easily detectable, it is crucial to have early distinction of signs and symptoms of the condition. COPD is clinically manifested by common symptoms such as sputum production, lack energy, swelling in the ankles, weight loss, blueness of the lips, chronic cough, needing to clear thought, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in the chest, and cough. The development of COPD is gradual process that involve patient slowly infesting clinical features (Panossian et al., 2021). Still, the condition has a one of the main primary symptoms which is dyspnea. Dyspnea is a complex phenomenon that is unique from one individual to another. This condition is linked with labored and persistent breathing issues that is brought about by increased breathing work as well as increased ventilation. In comparison to emphysema the condition makes the patient feels as they are not able to grasp enough air.

As the time goes, patient with COPD may develop a cough that produces phlegm, mucus or spots of blood. At the chest region, the victim may develop tightness and fatigue which turns out a big issue to the client. For instance, when a patient tries to perform a physical activity it becomes hard since it leaves the patient with wheezing problem as well as gasping for air.

ORDER A PLAGIARISM -FREE PAPER NOW

Treatment

COPD is a vital condition that might lead the patient in to a serous health issue. According to research, there is no current treatment that is employed to a patient having COPD. However, some of treatment intervention aid in slowing the progression of the illness and control the symptoms. For majority of patients diagnosed with COPD they apply the use of short acting bronchodilator inhalers as their first treatment solution (Bosnic-Anticevich et al., 2017). Besides, bronchodilators are used as medicines that aid breathing much easier as they help in widening the airways. More so, there are two types of short acting bronchodilators inhalers including beta-2 agonist inhalers that includes terbutaline and salbutamol and the other type is antimuscarinic inhalers such as ipratropium.

In addition, COPD treatment may involve the use of tablets incase the symptoms are not well controlled by inhalers. In such a case, a practitioner may recommend employment of capsules or tablet as well.Advanced Pathophysiology Essay.  For example, theophylline tablets are types of bronchodilator which reduces inflammation in the airway passage as well as relaxing the muscles on the wall surfaces. Theophylline comes inform of tablet administered twice a day. Besides, the patient will keep visiting the doctor for blood testing check up to track the level of medicine on the blood. Another COPD treatment remedy involve use of mucolytics when the patient is constantly having chesty cough with thick phlegm (Linssen, Bem & Rubin, 2020). Therefore, at this point the nurse will recommend taking mucolytic medicine such as carbocisteine. Still, ceasing smoking is the most effective way to treat COPD condition form getting worse. In fact, even after stopping smoking the present lungs condition cannot be reversed but this will prevent further damage. Advanced Pathophysiology Essay.

References

Bosnic-Anticevich, S., Chrystyn, H., Costello, R. W., Dolovich, M. B., Fletcher, M. J., Lavorini, F., … & Price, D. B. (2017). The use of multiple respiratory inhalers requiring different inhalation techniques has an adverse effect on COPD outcomes. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 12, 59.

Bowerman, K. L., Rehman, S. F., Vaughan, A., Lachner, N., Budden, K. F., Kim, R. Y., … & Hansbro, P. M. (2020). Disease-associated gut microbiome and metabolome changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nature communications, 11(1), 1-15.

Linssen, R. S. N., Ma, J., Bem, R. A., & Rubin, B. K. (2020). Rational use of mucoactive medications to treat pediatric airway disease. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews.

Panossian, A. G., Efferth, T., Shikov, A. N., Pozharitskaya, O. N., Kuchta, K., Mukherjee, P. K., … & Wagner, H. (2021). Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress‐and aging‐related diseases. Medicinal Research Reviews, 41(1), 630-703.

Pirina, P., Barbaro, M. P. F., Paleari, D., & Spanevello, A. (2018). Small airway inflammation and extrafine inhaled corticosteroids plus long-acting beta2-agonists formulations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory medicine, 143, 74-81.

Saraswathi, R. (2017). A clinical evaluation of Pacchai Karpoora Mathirai for Kabasuram (Acute Bronchitis) in children (Doctoral dissertation, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai). Advanced Pathophysiology Essay.