Consequentialist And Non-Consequentialist Approaches To Ethics Essay

Question 1
In your own words, describe the primary difference between consequentialist and non-consequentialist approaches to ethics.
Choose one of the major theories associated with consequentialism: what objections might be made to this theory?
Choose one of the major theories associated with non-consequentialism: what objections might be made to this theory?Consequentialist And Non-Consequentialist Approaches To Ethics Essay
Question 2

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Complete your Week 2 required discussion prompt.

In your own words, describe the difference between euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.
Select an argument for or against either euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide. How would you defend your argument?

Question 3
Complete your Week 3 required discussion prompt.

This week, we are learning about issues surrounding human genetics and eugenics, including stem cell research, cloning, and genetic testing and treatment.
Choose and describe a scientific technique or practice related to genetics and eugenics. Provide the rationale behind the use of this technique or practice.
Discuss your thoughts and ideas regarding the technique or practice. Is it ever justifiable? Why or why not?

Question 4

Complete your Week 4 required discussion prompt.
Animal research is a necessary practice in the world of medical research, allowing scientists to develop life-saving interventions and to spot catastrophic problems before new techniques or products make Their way to actual patients. However, this does not mean that we should deny that there are serious ethical issues involved.

Animal testing is not a pretty or pleasant process. It causes pain and suffering to animal subjects, and legitimate cases of abuse have been uncovered by animal rights groups. Consequently, the practice should be tightly regulated, and alternative methods should be employed whenever possible.

Discuss a specific research study involving animals that had ethical issues.
What were the ethical issues involved?
What could have been done to conduct the research study differently to avoid these ethical issues?
Question 5
Complete your Week 5 required discussion prompt.
Abortion is one of the most difficult and controversial moral issues we will consider. Listen to both sides, even if it is difficult to do. Both sides have important moral insights, even if ultimately these insights are outweighed by the insights of the other side. The goal of this discussion is not to convince you to accept one position over the other, but to help you to understand both sides. As you consider this difficult issue, it is important to distinguish two questions:

Is abortion morally wrong?
Should abortion be illegal?

Question 6

Complete your Week 6 required discussion prompt.

Recall this week’s presentation. Does a person in need of an organ transplant have a moral right to obtain that transplant, supposing the availability of the needed organ?
How should we choose who gets a transplant, supposing that there are not enough organs for all who need them?Consequentialist And Non-Consequentialist Approaches To Ethics Essay
Question 7

Complete your Week 7 required discussion prompt.

How do you define privacy?
Do you believe privacy is a moral right? Why or why not?
Are there any cases in which public health policy justifies the violation of the right to privacy?
Question 8

Complete your Week 8 required discussion prompt.
Some consider fair access to health care a moral right, while others disagree. We have defined the term moral right as “a privilege to act in some specific, intentional manner or to obtain some specific benefit because one is a moral agent living in a community of moral agents under a shared moral standard.”

Is access to health care a moral right?
Why or why not?
Question 9
Complete your Week 9 required discussion prompt.
“Stem cells are undifferentiated, primitive cells with the ability both to multiply and to differentiate into specific kinds of cells. Stem cells hold the promise of allowing researchers to grow specialized cells or tissue, which could be used to treat injuries or disease (e.g., spinal cord injuries, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, strokes, burns).” (Slevin, 2010)

Choose ONE of the following issues and post to its thread with supporting evidence. Respond to two peers who wrote about issues other than the one you chose.

Discuss what you feel are the potential benefits of stem cell research for Alzheimer’s patients and their families.
Share your perspective on the stem cell debate regarding donation of surplus embryos to couples for “embryo adoption.”
Why is the task of disposing unused frozen human embryos different from disposing of other medical tissue?
Discuss why you think embryonic stem cell research “crosses a moral boundary.”

We have learned about different kinds of theories, consequentialist and non-consequentialist we are going to see if these theories are accountable for its principles in terms of the standard ethical principles such as truth telling, generosity, misconduct, keeping promises, not offending people, etc. To me not all these theories are not 100% perfect and does not fully account for its principles.

Consequentialist: Focuses on the result of an action. The act is considered a good act if the result is good, likewise and act is considered bad if the result produced is bad. Under the consequentialist theory, we have Egoism and Utilitarianism.
Egoism: is a theory of ethics that focuses on achieving goals that benefit or brings pleasure or greatest good to oneself. In other words it focuses on self-interest, however egoism is opposite to Altruism, which is not strictly based on self-interest, but also includes the interest of others. There are two kinds of Egoism; Ethical Egoism, Psychological Egoism.
Ethical Egoism is a normative claim; it believes that individuals should always in their best interest. Another view of ethical egoism is that a person should act according to his own self-interest even if it goes against the values and beliefs of others.
Psychological Egoism is a descriptive claim that humans by nature are selfish and their actions are motivated by some kind of selfish desire (Kay, 1997)Consequentialist And Non-Consequentialist Approaches To Ethics Essay

Crically compare and contrast the usefulness of non-consequenalist ethical theories to managers when approaching ethical dilemmas.Ethical theories mainly derive from Western sociees where most applicaons of philosophical thinking were generated in Europe and North America. These theories are oen referred to as ‘Western Modernist’, as it has in#uenced tradional thinking as we see it today. The theories oen supply decision makers with a prescribes principle for any decision they will need to make with regard to an ethical dilemma, hence why they are absolust in nature. Ethical theories such as these are therefore normave, starng with a general assumpon of the nature of the world and subsequently human nature. Whether individual share the same opinion and makes use of a theory, very much depends on whether they agree themselves with the assumpons of the theory. The main bene&t of these theories is that they provide the decision maker with a set of proposed principles allowing to aid them with what can be deemed as morally correct behaviour. Generally, theories are split into two groups whereby moral judgements are based on the outcome of a decision. If the outcome is desirable then it can be seen to be morally right whereas if the outcomes are not desirable then it could be said to be morally wrong. This describes typical consequenalist theories, basing objecves more on the outcomes, aims and goals of an acon. On the #ip side, non-consequenal theories are not based on the consequence of the acon, but more on whether the underlying principles of the decision maker are morally correct. The key concern is more, why the decision is made and not the outcome of the decision and there are set universal principles of right and wrong which can be applied in every scenario. Immanuel Kant has had the most in#uence in the theory of ethics of duty, he strongly believes that right or wrong cannot be determined by an individual’s percepon or acons, but it is more of an eternal, abstract of principles which should be applied to all ethical problems without change. Kant also argues that if god is the creator of human raonale then people should have the capacity to know what to do and should not be told what to do when determining what is right and wrong. Consequently, Kant developed a framework called the ‘categorical imperave’. By this he meant that this framework was to be applied to every ethical situaon regardless of who pro&ts, who is involved and who is harmed by the principles. The categorical imperave consists of 3 crical parts (maxims), which act as a text for acons and if the acon passes all of them then the acon can be regarded as morally correct.The &rst part of the model deals with the issue of acons being carried out by everyone in a consistent manner, therefore an individual’s acon can only be right if everyone follows the same underlying principles. A great example would be if you were the director of a corporaon, then you would already feel guilt for your business using child labour in less developed countries and you would most certainly would not want to expose your family and friends to such crueles. Therefore, based on the fact there is not a universal law on child labour, then it could be held that this fails the &rst maxim of the model and should be deemed immoral. The aspect of human dignity is approached in maxim 2, stang that humans deserve respect at all mes, treang them as an ends rather than a means. Employers must take an acve interest in their employees other than the outcomes that they can achieve for them, they should take an interest and encourage them in their own ambions, goals and their ability to make their own decisions. Further on the topic of child labour, it could be said that the aspect of human dignity is disrespected here in order to achieve cheaper producon showing clear signs of treang the children as a means rather than an end. Lastly, maxim 3 covers universality of the acon and whether it would be deemed acceptable by other raonale beings in society. Otherwise known as the ‘New York mes test’, because if you feel uncomfortable about your acons being published then it is likely that what you are doing is  Consequentialist And Non-Consequentialist Approaches To Ethics Essay