Diabetes and Drug Treatment Discussion Essay

Different types of diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus is classified into four major categories. The first form is type 1 diabetes (T1DM), commonly diagnosed in pediatrics and adolescents. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body releases insignificant or no insulin. Insulin is frequently injected into people with T1DM to keep glycemic levels under control. Secondly, Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is commonly diagnosed in adults. T2DM is a highly-prevalent diabetes Mellitus (Barbagallo et al., 2019). It is characterized by the body’s inability to produce insulin (Barbagallo et al., 2019) appropriately. Lifestyle modifications, including a low-calorie diet and regular physical exercise, are considered the first treatment intervention for type 2 diabetes (Roeb & Geier, 2019). However, oral medications are prescribed to individuals with T2DM to enhance glycemic control. Another significant category of diabetes is juvenile diabetes. T1DM is described as juvenile diabetes if it is diagnosed in pediatrics. Juvenile diabetes occurs when the immune system destroys the insulin-producing beta cells mistakenly. Lastly, gestational diabetes is diagnosed during pregnancy and usually disappears after birth. It should be managed appropriately to prevent maternal and fetal complications. Additionally, improper management of gestational diabetes predisposes an individual to develop type 2 diabetes later. Diabetes and Drug Treatment Discussion Essay

ORDER  HERE A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes Mellitus

The selected type of diabetes is type 2 diabetes. Metformin is recommended as the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes (Baker et al., 2021). Pharmaceutical companies prepare this medication in the form of tablets that are stored in properly-labeled bottles. The medication is taken in the form of tablets orally once or twice daily. The frequency depends on the dosage and medication form, including immediate or extended-release. In adult patients, the initial Metformin dose is 850 mg once daily or 500 mg orally once or twice daily for the immediate-release tablet (Brown, 2022). This medication should be taken after meals to prevent gastrointestinal (GI) upset. Metformin dosage is titrated upwards gradually after every seven days to prevent adverse GI effects. On the other hand, the initial extended-release Metformin dosage for adult patients is 1 gram or 500mg once daily, taken with the evening meal (Brown, 2022). The dose is increased gradually to prevent potential adverse GI effects. Contradictions to Metformin usage include hypersensitivity to the drug or its components since it can predispose individuals with eGFR < 30 mL/minute to various adverse health outcomes, including lactic acidosis, chronic or acute metabolic acidosis, or death (Srinivasan & Davies, 2019). Diabetes and Drug Treatment Discussion Essay

T2DM’s long-term and short-term effects on patients

T2DM exposes individuals to short-term effects. First, hypoglycemia is reported in diabetes patients taking secretagogues, necessitating immediate oral or IV glucose replacement. Secondly, T2DM exposes individuals to hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS), associated with a high mortality rate, especially among geriatrics with other comorbidities, including cardiovascular, infections, or renal disease. On the other hand, the long-term effects of T2DM include microvascular and macrovascular complications. Microvascular complications destroy tiny blood vessels causing various health complications, including renal failure, neuropathy, and retinopathy resulting in blindness (Balaji et al., 2019). Macrovascular complications destroy main blood vessels contributing to the development of cardiovascular diseases (Balaji et al., 2019). Diabetes and Drug Treatment Discussion Essay

References

Baker, C., Retzik-Stahr, C., Singh, V., Plomondon, R., Anderson, V., & Rasouli, N. (2021). Should metformin remain the first-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes? Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, p. 12, 2042018820980225.

Balaji, R., Duraisamy, R., & Kumar, M. P. (2019). Complications of diabetes mellitus: A review. Drug Invention Today, 12(1).

Barbagallo, M., Veronese, N., & Dominguez, L. J. (2022). Magnesium in type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Nutrients, 14(3), 714.

Brown, P. (2022). Prescribing pearls: A guide to metformin. Diabetes & Primary Care, pp. 24, 71–3.

Roeb, E., & Geier, A. (2019). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)–current treatment recommendations and future developments. Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie, 57(04), 508-517.

Srinivasan, B. T., & Davies, M. (2019). Glycaemic management of type 2 diabetes. Medicine, 47(1), 32-39.

Post a brief explanation of the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples. Diabetes and Drug Treatment Discussion Essay
Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses and respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days who selected a different type of diabetes than you did. Provide recommendations for alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for treatment and management.

References should not be more than 4 years. Current references please.

Please include any citations, any content that is not your own must be cited. Assignments, discussion posts, or other scholarly work that does not demonstrate originality and/or lacks proper citation to credit original sources/authors will receive a grade reduction amounting up to 10%.

ORDER  NOW

Resources
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
o Chapter 48, “Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus” (pp. 397–415)
o Chapter 49, “Drugs for Thyroid Disorders” (pp. 416–424) Diabetes and Drug Treatment Discussion Essay
American Diabetes Association. (2018). Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetesLinks to an external site.—2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Supplement 1), S73–S85. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/supplement_1/s73.full-text.pdf
This article provides guidance on pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment as it pertains to treating patients with diabetes. Reflect on the content of this article as you continue to examine potential drug treatments for patients with diabetes. Diabetes and Drug Treatment Discussion Essay