Endocrine System Disorders And The Treatment Of Diabetes Discussion

Post a brief explanation of the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples Endocrine System Disorders And The Treatment Of Diabetes Discussion.

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Types of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic health condition that affects how the body uses glucose. It varies by type and affects the body’s ability to make insulin. Type 1 diabetes, commonly known as juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune condition where an individual’s antibodies attack his pancreas cells, preventing it from producing insulin (Christ-Crain et al., 2019). The condition is common among children and adolescent and accounts for about 10% of diabetic population (Korpos et al., 2021)Endocrine System Disorders And The Treatment Of Diabetes Discussion.

Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes is prevalent among adults over the age of 45 and account for 90% of people with diabetes condition (Path et al., 2019). Typically, it occurs when the body fails to respond to the created insulin. Here, the body doesn’t utilize the produced insulin accordingly; thus, fail to maintain the body’s normal sugar level. According to (Path et al., 2019), type 2 diabetes has strong genetic link. It is common among people belonging to minority ethnic groups, for instance African Americans and Pacific islanders. Unlike type 1, type 2 diabetes can develop due to lifestyle habits and unhealthy leaving.

Unlike type 1 and 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes develops among pregnant women who are in second or third trimester and do not have type1 or 2 diabetes. It occurs when the body fails to use insulin effectively during pregnancy, thus resisting it. Gestational diabetes major causes are hormonal changes or weight gain during pregnancy (Path et al., 2019)Endocrine System Disorders And The Treatment Of Diabetes Discussion. It is also generational like type2 diabetes and common among people whose parents or siblings have type 1diabetes.

Type of drug

The most common drug for treating type1 diabetes is insulin (short-acting insulin, rapid-acting insulin, intermediate acting insulin, and long-acting insulin).

Preparation and administration

Insulin is administered through injections or using an insulin pump. If one chooses an injection, he will be required to combine three or two types of insulin (for instance rapid-acting insulin with long-acting insulin) to improve his sugar levels (Korpos et al., 2021)Endocrine System Disorders And The Treatment Of Diabetes Discussion. Before administering the drug, one should adhere to the following preparation procedures.

• Know the type of insulin he is planning to use and match it with the required syringe. For instance, select a U-100 insulin syringe for a 100 unit’s insulin.
• Use clean and dry hands to fill each insulin (one at a time depending on the prescription) into the syringe and ensure they don’t not have clumps on the bottles sides
• Take off the insulin’s plastic cover, wipe the bottle tops with an alcohol wipe, and let them dry.
• Insert the syringe into the insulin bottles (depending on the prescription) and pull back the plunger to acquire the right dosage of insulin. Check the syringe for air bubbles in both cases. If there’s any, push and pull the syringe plunger consistently till you remove them and acquire the right dosage.
• Put the syringe down carefully Endocrine System Disorders And The Treatment Of Diabetes Discussion.

Administration

• While administering the drug, choose where to inject and ensure you don’t inject the same place every time. Also, avoid bruised, swollen, lumpy, or numb places.
• Choose a clean and dry place then pinch it.
• Put the needle at a 45 degrees angle before pushing it into the skin.
• Inject the insulin slowly and steadily and leave it for 5 seconds before pulling it out at the same angle you used to pull it in.
• Dispose the needle and syringe in a safe container.

Dietary considerations

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) nutritional guidelines recommend a diet rich in carbohydrates for type 1 diabetes patients (Roskjaer et al., 2020). It encourages them to eat required amount of fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, legumes, and whole grains and avoid sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juices. According to (Korpos et al., 2021), the intake and control of carbohydrates is effective in adjusting insulin production and determining postprandial blood sugar. As such, meals with low glycemic load and glycemic index enhances glycemic control when mixed with carbohydrates (Roskjaer et al., 2020)Endocrine System Disorders And The Treatment Of Diabetes Discussion.

Consequently, type1 diabetes population should eat a high-fiber and a low-sodium diet. Fibers may help control blood sugar levels while low sodium may reduce the disease symptoms (Roskjaer et al., 2020). They should moderate their alcohol intake because alcohol may increase their blood sugar level then later decrease it, altering its normal functioning.

Short-term and long-term impact

Short-term

• Too low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
• Too high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).

Long-term

Type1 diabetes patients have risk of developing:

• Nephropathy (Kidney damage) that could require dialysis or kidney transplant
• Neuropathy (nerve damage), which might cause numbness, tingling, and pain around the leg.
• Heart and blood vessel disease such as high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, stroke, heart attack, and coronary attach.
• Pregnancy complications such as miscarriage and still birth.

Effects of drug treatment

Insulin may cause allergies, itching, redness, and swelling at the injection site. It may prompt weight gain, swelling of arms and legs, confusion, fatigue, faster heart rate, breathing problems, muscle cramps, and hypoglycemia (Christ-Crain et al., 2019)Endocrine System Disorders And The Treatment Of Diabetes Discussion.

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References

Christ-Crain, M., Bichet, D. G., Fenske, W. K., Goldman, M. B., Rittig, S., Verbalis, J. G., & Verkman, A. S. (2019). Diabetes insipidus. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 5(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0103-2

Korpos, É., Kadri, N., Loismann, S., Findeisen, C. R., Arfuso, F., Burke, G. W., 3rd, Richardson, S. J., Morgan, N. G., Bogdani, M., Pugliese, A., & Sorokin, L. (2021). Identification and characterisation of tertiary lymphoid organs in human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia, 64(7), 1626–1641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05453-z

Päth, G., Perakakis, N., Mantzoros, C. S., & Seufert, J. (2019). Stem cells in the treatment of diabetes mellitus – Focus on mesenchymal stem cells. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 90, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.005

Roskjær, A. B., Ásbjörnsdóttir, B., Tetens, I., Larnkjær, A., Mølgaard, C., & Mathiesen, E. R. (2020). Dietary intake of carbohydrates in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes-A narrative review. Food science & nutrition, 9(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1982 Endocrine System Disorders And The Treatment Of Diabetes Discussion