Nanotechnology in Diabetic Retinopathy Discussion Essay Paper

Module 2 Case Study

The case involves a 55-year-old man complaining of lightheadedness. Further, the male patient complains of intermittent eye pain blurry vision, and repudiates dyspnea, tachypnea, chest pain, hemoptysis, tachycardia, and new onset lower extremity weakness. Also, the patient’s medical history comprises Hyperlipidemia, Peripheral Arterial illness, and Diabetes Mellitus 2. He constantly checks his blood pressure and takes no medication for this condition. Nanotechnology in Diabetic Retinopathy Discussion Essay Paper

Questions to Ask the Patient

Acquiring the medical history of this male patient is vital, and I will ask a sequence of queries to comprehend his current situation, potential threats, and pertinent past encounters (Nichol et al., 2022). Here are some queries:

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• Have you discerned any modifications in your vision apart from blurriness, like loss of peripheral vision or double vision?
• When did the intermittent pain and fuzzy vision begin?
• Can you explain comprehensively the nature of the headache, including severity, triggering components, location, and duration?
• At what times of day and how regularly do you check your blood pressure?
• Have you observed any particular sequences or triggers for raised pressure readings?
• Do you smoke?
• How is your exercise habit, and how is your diet?
• Any mini-stroke or transient ischemic attacks before?
• Have you been encountering anxiety or stress recently?
• Have you made any vital modifications in your daily routines or recent critical life events? Nanotechnology in Diabetic Retinopathy Discussion Essay Paper

Patient Aspects

When developing a diagnosis for this male client, it is essential to appraise various elements of his medical history, age, and demographics. The elements give valuable intuitions into his current situation and direct the diagnostic procedure. Age is important because specific illnesses become dominant with age. In this situation, the client’s age raises the possibility of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and hypertension. Further, examining past medical history, like type 2 diabetes, is also crucial; it can increase the likelihood of hypertension. Further, Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) can lead to decreased blood flow to the brain, leading to intermittent claudication that can impact diagnosis. Additionally, blood pressure monitoring at home is critical because uncontrolled hypertension can raise the threat of cardiovascular illnesses or stroke. Thus, the nurse can prioritize diagnostic considerations like hypertension because of elevated blood pressure readings, atherosclerosis, and neurological examination because of blurry vision and headaches. Nanotechnology in Diabetic Retinopathy Discussion Essay Paper

Location and Aggravating Signs

These signs are vital in the diagnostic procedure because they offer essential clues that assist healthcare providers in compressing potential diagnoses and comprehending client conditions correctly. The location of manifestations can show the affected anatomical part or organ. Further, referred pain is also vital. Also, distinct illnesses may lead to similar signs in several locations. By recognizing the exact position of symptoms, the professional can design several differential diagnoses and conduct further examinations. Lastly, triggers and provocative elements are vital. For instance, comprehending whether it aggravates with exertion or decreases by rest can distinguish between unstable and stable angina during chest pains. Nanotechnology in Diabetic Retinopathy Discussion Essay Paper

Differntial Diagnoses

These diagnoses enable healthcare practitioners to identify the correct patient diagnosis from a set of likely diagnoses (Cook & Décary, 2020).

Hypertensive Urgency/Crisis

The first and priority diagnosis is Hypertensive Urgency/Crisis. Raised blood pressure of 160-170 mm Hg and diastolic pressure of 90-100 in a client with a history of Peripheral Arterial Disease, Hyperlipidemia, and Diabetes Mellitus is worrisome. Further, these raised readings may portray unmanaged hypertension, which can cause signs like blurry vision, eye pain, and headache.

Ocular Migraine

This condition is another possibility, and it can lead to short-term vision disruptions, comprising fuzzy vision, and can also be linked to headaches. In addition, even though these migraines may not be dangerous, they can be unnerving. Tackling blood pressure readings is vital to address the migraines.

Diabetic Retinopathy

Provided the client’s history of type 2 diabetes and visual manifestations means retinopathy is a likelihood. This disease can lead to visual issues, comprising intermittent eye pain and blurry vision (Liu & Wu, 2021). Frequent eye tests are vital for people with diabetes. Nanotechnology in Diabetic Retinopathy Discussion Essay Paper

Atherosclerotic Disease

Due to the male client’s history of PAD and raised blood pressure, the nurse practitioner must consider the likelihood of atherosclerosis-related complications. This can encompass decreased blood movement to the eyes, causing visual disruptions.

In conclusion, a patient’s medical and personal history are vital when making a diagnosis. Also, age is critical because some illnesses become dominant as people age. Importantly, it might be challenging for the practitioner to create a comprehensive diagnosis at first, meaning differential diagnoses are apparent. However, the healthcare professional must possess a priority diagnosis, which is differential until it is confirmed.

References

Cook, C. E., & Décary, S. (2020). Higher-order thinking about differential diagnosis. Brazilian journal of physical therapy, 24(1), 1-7.

Liu, Y., & Wu, N. (2021). Progress of nanotechnology in diabetic retinopathy treatment. International journal of nanomedicine, 1391-1403.

Nichol, J. R., Sundjaja, J. H., & Nelson, G. (2022). Medical History. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.

A 55-year-old male patient presented to the nurse practitioner with complains of “lightheadedness” x 6 months.

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He confirms headache, blurry vision, and intermittent eye pain. He denies chest pain, new onset upper or lower extremity weakness, dyspnea, palpitations, tachycardia, tachypnea, or hemoptysis. His past medical history includes Diabetes Mellitus 2, Peripheral Arterial Disease, and Hyperlipidemia. He reports that he has been taking his blood pressure at home for the past six months and noticed that his systolic pressure has ranged from 160-170s, while the diastolic pressure is between 90-100. He does not take any medications for blood pressure currently because he has not been diagnosed with Hypertension in the past. His family history is significant for CAD, HTN, and Thyroid diseases. He is worried because he does not want to have a Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke). Using the tools, you learned from diagnostic reasoning in this module. WhNanotechnology in Diabetic Retinopathy Discussion Essay Paperat type of questions would you ask this patient to obtain a detailed history (Think past history, demographics, and family history).

What aspect of his demographics, age, and past medical history are important to note as the nurse practitioner while formulating a diagnosis?
From your readings from module 2, explain how Location and Aggravating symptoms are important in formulating an accurate diagnosis?
List four differential diagnosis for this patient, start with your priority diagnosis. Priority diagnosis are crucial diagnosis that you want to ensure that you include in your list of diagnosis because failure to include them can lead to severe harm to the patient. ( Hint: A priority diagnosis is a differential until it becomes an actual diagnosis. A detailed history, physical, and diagnostic examination will ensure that a priority diagnosis is thoroughly investigated before being excluded as a differential).
Analyze the clinical decision-making process that led to an actual diagnosis. Nanotechnology in Diabetic Retinopathy Discussion Essay Paper