Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay

1. Why did the Hawthorne studies and McGregor\’s Theory X and Theory Y have an impact on the study of organizational behavior? 2. Explain why and how changes in the U.S. demographics affect the healthcare industry. 3. How does attribution theory allow mangers to \”justify\” workers\’ behavior? 4. What tools and/or techniques could a manager use to ensure that the message communicated is understood by the receiver as intended. Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay

Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice

The Impact of Hawthorne Studies and McGregor\’s Theory X and Theory Y on the Study of Organizational Behavior

Hawthorne Studieswere primarily conducted to findout whether particular environmental conditions such as a clean environment and better lightings have an impact on employees’ productivity and responsiveness. The study findings revealed that employees’ responsiveness was mainly triggered by various social factors(Jung& Lee,2015).Therefore, social factors determine employees’ performances while good working environments and financial factors are less significant in boosting their productivity levels. Instead, these factors assist employees to meet their desires and individual’s need to fit in a particular group and social status in the community.Hawthorne Studies influence the study of organizational behavior. The study findings indicate that individuals’ and groups’ performance within an organization is mainly influenced by social factors rather by good working environments and financial factors. Thus, the management should strive to improvesocial factors, which will, in turn, boost employees’ job performance and productivity.

Additionally, Theory X and Theory Y were created and developed in the 1960s by Douglas McGregor to explain two varying attitudes towards workforce motivation. In Theory X, management considers the employees to be inherently lazy and they will avoid working if they are in a position to do so(Aithal& Kumar,2016). Consequently, the management should supervise their workers closely and install comprehensive systems to monitor them. Additionally, an organization requires a hierarchical structure where the span of control narrows at each level to manage the employees effectively. Managers that subscribe to this theory believe that Theory X manager believes that it is their responsibility to structure the work and energize their workers to perform their duties in the organization. This theory affects the study of organizational behavior since it indicates that employees are naturally lazy. Therefore, managers should adopt a well-structured hierarchical structure to facilitate close supervision, thus improving individuals’ and groups’ performance within an organization. Additionally, managers shouldenergize their workers to perform their duties effectively. Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay

On the other hand, managers who are influenced by Theory Ythat employees self-motivated, ambitious, and anxious to perform their duties and responsibility in the organization. Additionally, this theory assumes that workers tend to exercise self-control, autonomy, self-direction, and empowerment(Aithal & Kumar, 2016). It is believed that employees enjoy their duties and work-related activities. Moreover, the management beliefs that the workers are interested in becoming creative while they are in the organization and look forward towards more achievements. The employees’ performance and productivity improve if they are given the freedom to perform their duties to the best of their abilities without setting strict rules to govern them. According to Theory Y managers, most employees want to perform well at their workplace if they are provided with the right conditions and the workforce has a pool of unused creativity. These managers believe that employees are primarily motivated by the satisfaction of doing their jobs well. Consequently, Theory Y managers work towards eliminating the barriers that hinder employees from achieving self-actualization. Theory Yhas an impact on the study of organizational behavior since it portrays workers as self-motivated, ambitious, self-directed, and anxious to perform their duties and responsibility in the organization. Therefore, the managers should provide the employees with a conducive work environment and give them the freedom to perform their duties to the best of their abilities without enforcing strict measures to govern them.Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay

The Effect of Changes in the U.S. Demographics on the Healthcare Industry

The healthcare industry has been significantly affected by the changes in the U.S. demographics. The US population is changing in terms of size, age, and race, and ethnicity. The US population is aged 65 and above represented 8.1% of the country’s total populationin 1950. This percentage is anticipated to rise to 20.2% by 2050 (Ensocare, 2017). This change shift increases the nation’s health-care system’s demands(Cristea et al., 2020).For instance, more nurse practitioners will be required to meet the healthcare needs of the rising, aging population in palliative and hospice care. Additionally, hospitals will require more specialists in age-related conditions, including chronic disease. Moreover, hospitals will require technology to enhance care coordination, thus improving the quality of care provided to the aged population. Thus, this democratic change increases the overall healthcare expenditure.

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            Racial diversity is another demographic factor that affects the US healthcare industry. The largest ethnic groups, including the Latinos and African-Americans, have spread out to various parts of the US due to the availability of jobs and cheap housing. These ethnic groups have socioeconomic concerns such as lack of insurance, which limit them from accessing quality health services. Additionally, the prevalence of particular diseases is higher among these populations than among the whites. For instance, African-Americans have a higher maternal mortality rate. Additionally, they are more likely to become diabetic than whites. On the other hand, Latinos are more likely to face lupus than other ethnic groups.Consequently, medical professionals require further training to become culturally competent to be able to address the healthcare needs of minorities (Nair& Adetayo,2019). Therefore, the healthcare sector should allocate some funds for the training, which increases US healthcare expenditure. Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay

The Justification of Workers’ Behavior by Managers using Attribution Theory

Attribution theory focuses on the perceived causes of success and failure. This theory concentrates on both antecedents and consequences of a particular perceived causality. The ‘attribution theory’ states that it is normal for individuals to seek causes or explanations, which can be attributed to their success or failure(Graham,2020). This theory assumes that persons interpret their environment in a manner that retains a positive self-image. Success or failure can be explained by three key categories of attributes, including internal or external, stable or unstable, or controllable or uncontrollable. The managers use attribution theoryto justifyworkers’ behavior. They claim that workers’ behavior is influenced by some internal and external cues. Consequently, the workers maintain a positive self-image irrespective of the outcomes of a particular event.

Tools and/or Techniques that a Manager could Use to ensure that the Receiver Understands the Communicated Message as Intended

A manager can utilize various communication tools or techniques to ensure that the receiver understands the communicated message as intended.First, the manager can use closed-looped communications. This communication technique is primarily used to eliminate misunderstandings between the sender and the receiver. Every verbal communication is directed to a particular person who is specified by name(Abd El-Shafy et al., 2018).The receiver is supposed to repeat the message that has been given by the sender. The sender will say “negative” if the receiverrepeats the message back incorrectly. The sender then repeats the correct message while the receiver listens attentively. Therefore, this technique will help the manager to ensure that the receiver understands the communicated message as intended.

Secondly, the manager can use the two-challenge rule communication technique. In this communication tool, the manager has a responsibility to assertively voice concern a minimum of two times if the initial assertion is ignored. Doing so will ensure that the concern has been heard. An acknowledgment must be received from the team member who is being challenged. The manager should take stronger action in case the outcome is not yet acceptable. For instance, the supervisor can be involved.Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay

The manager can also use SBAR, which is an acronym for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. This communication technique is used in conveying critical information, which needs immediate action concerning the condition of the residents. The situation represents what is happening to the resident. Background focuses on the clinical background of the resident.The assessment indicates the perceived problem. Finally, represents an action that would be taken to correct the issue.

Another communication tool that can be used by the manager is a call-out. This communication technique is used to convey critical information to all team members simultaneously. In most cases, this tool is used during emergent situations to create awareness among the members within the shortest time possible. Additionally, this tool is used to assist team members to anticipate the next action. The manager needs to direct responsibility to a particular team member who is responsible for performing the task.

Finally, the manager can utilize a check-back to ensure that the receiver understood the conveyed informationas intended. The manager will initiate the message that will be accepted by the receiver who will provide the feedback. The sender (the manager) will double-check to ensure that the conveyed message was delivered to the receiver.

References

Abd El-Shafy, I., Delgado, J., Akerman, M., Bullaro, F., Christopherson, N. A., & Prince, J. M. (2018). Closed-loop communication improves task completion in pediatric trauma resuscitation. Journal of surgical education, 75(1), 58-64.

Aithal, P. S., & Kumar, P. M. (2016). Comparative analysis of theory X, theory Y, theory Z, and Theory A for managing people and performance. International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Education (IJSRME), ISSN (Online), 2455-5630.

Cristea, M., Noja, G. G., Stefea, P., & Sala, A. L. (2020). The impact of population aging and public health support on EU labor markets. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1439.

Ensocare. (2017). How Demographics Impact Healthcare Delivery. Ensocare.https://www.ensocare.com/knowledge-center/how-demographics-impact-health-care-delivery

Graham, S. (2020). An attributional theory of motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 101861.

Jung, C. S., & Lee, S. Y. (2015). The Hawthorne studies revisited: Evidence from the US federal workforce. Administration & Society, 47(5), 507-531.

Nair, L., & Adetayo, O. A. (2019). Cultural Competence and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, 7(5). Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay