Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

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Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations Write a critical appraisal that demonstrates comprehension of two qualitative research studies. Use the \”Research Critique Guidelines – Part 1\” document to organize your essay. Successful completion of this assignment requires that you provide rationale, include examples, and reference content from the studies in your responses.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations. Use the practice problem and two qualitative, peer-reviewed research article you identified in the Topic 1 assignment to complete this assignment. In a 1,000–1,250 word essay, summarize two qualitative studies, explain the ways in which the findings might be used in nursing practice, and address ethical considerations associated with the conduct of the study. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

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PICOT Question:

In acute care inpatients (P), does handwashing with soap and water (I) compared to the application of alcohol-based hand sanitizers(C), decrease Hospital Acquired Infection (HAIs) rates (O) within 3 months (T)?

Qualitative Studies

Study 1

Fernando, S. A., Gray, T. J., & Gottlieb, T. (2017). Healthcare‐acquired infections: prevention strategies. Internal medicine journal, 47(12), 1341-1351. Retrieved from

Study 2

Sickbert-Bennett, E. E., DiBiase, L. M., Willis, T. M., Wolak, E. S., Weber, D. J., &Rutala, W. A. (2016). Reduction of Healthcare-Associated Infections by Exceeding High Compliance with Hand Hygiene Practices. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(9), 1628-1630. Retrieved from.

Background of Study

Study 1: The research article presents a study about the healthcare‐acquired infections and the prevention strategies. It describes the impacts of hospital infections on patient care as well as cost implications imposed on the healthcare system. The author also notes the rising rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which challenges the management of healthcare‐acquired infections (HAI).Handwashing intervention is considered to be the most effective strategy in the prevention of these infections.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

The research problem is the increasing hospital acquired infections and the significance is that the study seeks to provide an intervention solution effective in the reduction of the illnesses as it informs the nursing practice. The purpose of the study is to examine the available prevention strategies and their effectiveness in the reduction of HAIs. The objective of the study was to discuss the available HAIs strategies of prevention in the Australian healthcare system. Finally, the research question of this study is, in hospital settings, what are HAIs and what strategies are available for the prevention of hospital acquired infections.

Study 2:The article is about hand washing practices and the importance of high compliance in the reduction of health-acquired infections in healthcare settings. According to the authors, a literature gap exists between the improvement of hand hygiene from high to very high compliance and the role of the change in reducing the infections acquired from the hospital environment. In general, the paper provides a longitudinal analysis determining the relation between increased hand hygiene compliance with health-associated infection rates.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

The research problem examined in the article is hand hygiene compliance level and health associated infections rates. The significance of this study to the nursing practice is that it seeks to bridge the gap in documentation concerning the impacts of improved hand hygiene compliance from high to very high and the role it plays in reducing HAIs. The article presents evidence on the importance of very high hand hygiene compliance practices and how it helps improve healthcare in the hospital. As such, it informs the practice and adds to the existing literature as a current evidence-base for organizational change. The purpose of the study is to investigation of the importance of high hand hygiene compliance in the hospital. The objective of this study was to investigate whether improving hand hygiene compliance from a baseline high level (>80%) to an even higher level (>95%) could cause a reduction in healthcare-associated infections (HAI). In addition, the research question is, does the improvement of hand hygiene compliance from high level to a higher level improve decrease the rate of hospital associated infections?Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose?

Study 1: This article provides multiple hospital acquired infection prevention strategies. It also notes their importance in application in different healthcare settings and how they can be combined to improve effectiveness. It recognizes the individual role of each intervention and informs on the significance of a culture change focused on both institutional and individual accountability as well as application of guidelines and practices that enhance optimal control of infections. The article will be used to answer the PICOT question in that it discusses handwashing as one of the relevant strategies in prevention of HAIs as suggested by the current project.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Study 2: This article is an essential source of literature material for informing and answering my PICOT question. It will thus act as a basis for my research since it provides reliable evidence on the importance of hand hygiene compliance practices in the healthcare environment. It also identifies hospital acquired infections as the research problem which is similar to my research problem and hence will help in relating the existing research with the current research from data obtained.

The intervention identified in this article is high level hand hygiene practices and compliance. This involves the use of soap and water as well as the right washing techniques to help prevent the spread of pathogens causing hospital infections. This intervention is similar to the one in the current project. The comparison groups in the article are participants using high compliance levels of hand hygiene of above 80% and those with very high compliance levels of above 95%.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Method of Study

Study 1: The first article by Fernando, Gray and Gottlieb (2017)uses a grounded theory qualitative method of research. It analyses data regarding the HAIs prevention strategies through inductive reasoning. The benefit oft this method is that it provides a ‘thick description that acknowledges areas of conflict and contradictionand hence is effective in determining what exactly happens when a particular intervention is adopted. However, the method tends to generate large amounts of data that can be difficult to manage which is a significant limitation in research.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Study 2: The second article by Sickbert-Bennett, et al., (2016)is a longitudinal research study employing observational research techniques. It entails the study of groups over a particular period of time and is important in determining the changes occurring with time. It is beneficial in determining variable patterns over time thus ensuring validity and clear focus. It is also flexible.

The limitation of the research method is the potential for delayed results since it relies on repeated observations of the same variables over a certain duration thus can be time consuming, expensive and prone to collecting unreliable data.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Results of Study

Study 1: The key findings of this research include the increases cost and patient care implications of increased healthcare acquired infections in the Australian health system. There is an increased rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) challenging the management of HAIs as contaminated healthcare environment and hospital workers play a major role in the persistence and transmission of multiresistant organisms. Institutional investment in hand hygiene is an effective strategy in reduction of HAIs.

The implications of the study include supporting the nursing practice in getting the solution to hospital acquired infections which has been identified as a long-term problem in healthcare. As such, the study informs and improves patient satisfaction, shorten the hospital length of stay, and reduce medical costs through the introduction of effective HAIs prevention strategies such as hand hygiene.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Study 2: The key findings of thisis that increased hand hygiene compliance rate (p<0.001) translates to a significant decrease in healthcare-associated infection rate (p = 0.0066). Hand hygiene is an effective measure in preventing hospital acquired infections. Health professionals should therefore engage in high compliance levels of hand hygiene practices before contact with patients, during and after exposing themselves to body fluids as well as the patient’s environment. Handwashing techniques using soap and water are also important in preventing the spread of these infections.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

The implications of this study are that it creates awareness to the healthcare professionals regarding improvement of hand hygiene compliance levels and importance in the prevention of HAIs.

Ethical Considerations

The main ethical considerations in conducting research include the obtainment of informed consent as well as consent from the participants of the research. Often, the participants sign a written informed consent to acknowledge the awareness of their participation. This also shows that the participant is aware of the research and everything that it involves and therefore offers voluntary participation. Another ethical consideration is the maintenance of the participants confidentiality. This means that the identifying information of the participant is not made available or accessed by any unauthorized persons. The identifying data is also excluded from any published reports or documents.

The authors of the two research studies have taken these ethical considerations into account. For instance, the articles do not contain any identifying information of the participants which demonstrates their respect for confidentiality. The two studies also have obtained informed consent.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

PICOT Question:

Qualitative Studies

Study 1

Gao, Q. (2020). The Relationship between Hand Washing and Hospital-Acquired Infections. Retrieved from Study 2

Alefragkis, D., Alikari, V., &Kelesi, M. The importance of hand hygiene in health care settings DimitriosAlefragkis. Retrieved from

Background of Study

Study 1: The research article presents a study about the link between handwashing and acquisition of infections from the hospital. It describes the causes of hospital infections and the efforts in place to prevent the spread. The author notes that handwashing awareness is important in reducing these conditions even though limited literature and research exists regarding the intervention.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

The research problem is the increasing hospital acquired infections and the significance is that it the study seeks to provide an intervention solution effective in the reduction of the illnesses as it informs the nursing practice. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between handwashing and hospital acquired infections. The objective of the study was to compare how hand washing education compare to no handwashing education in relation to performance of hand washing and rate of hospital-acquired infections within 3 months. Finally, the research question of this study is in hospital staff, how does hand washing education compare to no handwashing education affect the performance of hand washing and rate of hospital-acquired infections within 3 months?Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Study 2: The article is about hand washing and its importance in healthcare settings. According to the authors, hospital infections are on a significant rise making it a major public health problem. It results to increased rates of morbidity and mortality of patients, hospital costs and readmissions as well as long-hospital stays. It notes that the compliance of hand hygiene is minimal in the hospitals and hence the need for research on its importance.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

The research problem examined in the article is increased rise of hospital infections and the fatal implications on healthcare. The significance of this study to the nursing practice is that it determines how hospital acquired infections can be prevented using hand hygiene in the healthcare settings. The article presents evidence on the importance of successful hand hygiene and how it helps improve healthcare in the hospital. As such, it informs the practice and adds to the existing literature as a current evidence-base for organizational change. The purpose of the study is to investigation of the importance of hand hygiene in the hospital. The objective of this study was to review research studies to determine the importance of handwashing in healthcare settings. In addition, the research question is, how important is hand hygiene in the prevention of the spread of pathogenic microorganisms and hospital

infections, being the cornerstone of infection control programs?Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose?

Study 1: This article provides insights on handwashing relationship with HAIs. This means that it is an informative source of material that helps understand the topic and creates a foundation of research. The article also presents a literature review of multiple previous research studies that provide evidence essential for informing the research and answering the PICOT.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

The intervention from the article is handwashing education which is virtually the same as the intervention employed in this project which is handwashing with soap and water. On the other hand, the comparison groups in the article are the hospital staff attending handwashing education awareness and those not attending while in the current article these groups include the acute care inpatients washing hands with soap and water and the group that uses alcohol-based hand sanitizers.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Study 2: This article is an essential source of literature material for informing and answering my PICOT question. It will thus act as a basis for my research since it provides reliable evidence on the importance of hand hygiene in the healthcare environment. It also identifies hospital acquired infections as the research problem which is similar to my research problem and hence will help in relating the existing research with the current research from data obtained.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

The intervention identified in this article is hand hygiene. This involves the use of soap and water as well as the right washing techniques to help prevent the spread of pathogens causing hospital infections. This intervention is similar to the one in the current project. More so, the comparison groups used in this article include the health professionals participants involved in handwashing before contact with the patient, prior to clean or sterile handling, after exposure to body fluids of the patient, after contact with the patient as well as after the contact with the patient’s immediate intact environment and the group of healthcare staff that do not wash their hands but rather use surgical hand antiseptics and or apply alcoholic antiseptics.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Method of Study:

Study 1: The first article by Gao (2020) uses observational studies. This method observes the human behavior or activity and collets data using surveys and questionnaires. The benefit of observational studies is that it presented a cheap way of research and facilitated the conduction of an in-depth data collection. However, they are limited by their proneness to bias.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Study 2: The second article by Alefragkis, Alikari and Kelesi (n.d) is a literature review of multiple databases. The method of study secondary research qualitative method. This research entailed the utilization of a systematic review of research databases such as PubMed database and Google Scholar and hence is different from the research in the first article. It did not involve going to the field and following up the participants. Notably, the benefit of this article is that it provides a meticulous summary of the available primary research responding to the research question. The limitation is that the reliability of the method was based on the quality of the primary research methods.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Results of Study

Study 1: The key findings of this research were to be acquired in three months’ time. The findings include the pre-intervention phase whereby hospital acquired infections rates are measured. The other findings of post-intervention phase include the data of staff’s hand washing knowledge and perceptions as well as the data of hospital-acquired rate in these four departments and patients’ satisfaction.

The implications of the study include supporting the nursing practice in getting the solution to hospital acquired infections which has been identified as a long-term problem in healthcare. As such, the study informs and improves patient satisfaction, shorten the hospital length of stay, and reduce medical costs through the improvement of the staff’s knowledge and perceptions of hand washing and hand hygiene. It enhances the compliance and adherence of handwashing.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Study 2: The key findings of this literature review research are that hand hygiene is an effective measure in preventing hospital acquired infections. Health professionals should therefore perform hand hygiene before contact with patients, during and after exposing themselves to body fluids as well as the patient’s environment. Handwashing techniques using soap and water are also important in preventing the spread of these infections.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

The implications of this study are that it creates awareness to the healthcare professionals regarding hand hygiene and importance in the prevention of HAIs. It also explores the cost which enables implementation as healthcare facilities understand the budge involved in the adoption of the intervention.

Ethical Considerations

The authors of the two research studies have taken these ethical considerations into account. For instance, the articles do not contain any identifying information of the participants which demonstrates heir respect for confidentiality. The two studies also have obtained informed consent.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Qualitative Studies

Background of Study

Summary of studies. Include problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research question.

How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose?

Discuss how these two articles willbe used to answer your PICOT question.
Describe how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in your PICOT question.

Method of Study:

State the methods of the two articles you are comparing and describe how they are different.
Consider the methods you identified in your chosen articles and state one benefit and one limitation of each method.

Results of Study

Summarize the key findings of each study in one or two comprehensive paragraphs.
What are the implications of the two studies in nursing practice?

Ethical Considerations

Discuss two ethical consideration in conducting research.
Describe how the researchers in the two articles you choose took these ethical considerations into account while performing their research.

Summary of Clinical Issue

Hospital acquired infections (HAIs)are a major public health problem which have continuously resulted in increased morbidity and mortality rates. This clinical condition presents a huge socioeconomic burden to the healthcare system following the associated implications. These include treatment bills, rehospitalization, long hospital stays, disabilities and deaths. Moreover, the increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) challenge the management of these infections particularly in the healthcare units with already immune compromised patients. Contaminated hospital environments as well as health care workers are increasingly implicated in the multi‐resistant organisms (MRO) transmission and persistence together with other pathogens. This has triggered the need to reduce these infections through identification of effective measures to reduce and prevent the HAIs.Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Hand hygiene through hand washing has thus been identified as significant prevention measures to HAIs. However, limited research on compliance, techniques and effectiveness exist particularly in the acute care settings. The compliance is also considered minimal which challenges the efforts of reducing HAIs. Proper hand washing entails the use of clean running water and application of soap till lathering occurs. This is followed by vigorous rubbing of hands for at least 20 seconds and scrubbing the surfaces. Soap washes away bacteria and viruses and hence is considered to be a more effective measure to the prevention of HAIs compared to alcohol-based hand sanitizers. This is because, soap washes away bacteria and viruses that cause infections contrary to sanitizers which may be selective to certain pathogens.

PICOT Question:

Inacute care inpatients (P), does handwashing with soap and water (I) compared to the application of alcohol-based hand sanitizers(C), decrease Hospital Acquired Infection (HAIs) rates (O) within 3 months (T)?Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations.

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