Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

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Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

1,) Wk 2 disc response from Jennifer F.
If jennifer’S posts influenced your understanding of these concepts, be sure to share how and why. Include additional insights you gained.
If you think your might have misunderstood these concepts, offer your alternative perspective and be sure to provide an explanation for them. Include resources to support your perspective.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

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Respond to Jennifer”s post below with 5 sentences only and 2 refrences.

At this point in everyone\’s academic careers, there should be a full understanding that nursing is scientifically based. MSN, after all, does stand for Master of Science in Nursing. So, it should be no surprise that one must know the fundamental basics of how medications act in and on the human body in prescribing medication. These concepts are referred to as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The purpose of this discussion post will be to explore and explain some of these concepts and discuss how this information will impact this author\’s practice of prescribing.

Agonist; Antagonist; Partial and Inverse Agonist

Agonist, Partial Agonist

In psychopharmacology, a vast majority of the medications that are prescribed work by way of their interaction with neurotransmitters and their receptors. These medications can include agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, an inverse agonist.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay. With agonist medications, they are known to activate receptors causing a mimicking reaction of what the body already has the full capacity of doing (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). An example of this action can be seen with the opioid agonist medication buprenorphine. Buprenorphine is used in opioid use disorder because it mimics dopamine and decreased cravings and withdrawal symptoms in those that are addicted (Del Pozo & Rich, 2020). The medications that act as an agonist need to have an affinity to specific receptors and the ability to activate that receptor, which is otherwise known as intrinsic activity (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). A partial agonist works in the same manner but to a lesser effect of a full agonist. Rosenthal and Burchum (2021) also explain that a partial agonist can function as both antagonists and agonists.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Antagonist

Contrastingly, antagonists inhibit a receptor from being activated; there is an affinity but no intrinsic activity. Rosenthal and Burchum (2021) explain that antagonism occurs in one of two ways, by binding irreversibly or reversibly. If a drug binds irreversibly, then there is no competition for the targeted receptors being used, which reduces the maximal response of an agonist. If the medication is a competitive antagonist, then it can be overcome by agonists that are in higher concentration (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021).Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Inverse Agonist

The word inverse means to be opposite. So, an inverse agonist would have the opposite effect of an agonist. This could be confused with an antagonist, but the antagonist merely blocks the agonist\’s receptor without producing a response. An inverse agonist then has what is known as a negative intrinsic efficacy, which causes decreased activity of a receptor (Berg & Clarke et al., 2018)

Partial and Inverse Agonist Impact on treatment

There can be drug to drug interactions that occur when there is competition between ligands. This can happen with both inverse agonists and partial agonists. Both inverse and partial agonists can act as a competitive antagonist, which will prevent the activation of receptors and decrease the efficacy of other medications that work on the same receptors (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). This is usually dose-dependent.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

G Coupled Proteins and Ion Gated Channels

G-coupled-proteins and ion gated channels are receptors on the surface of a cell that responds to chemical messengers (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). These two receptors are an integral part of cell communication. Both receptors are activated by neurotransmitters on the post-synaptic neurons, creating an effect (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). The significant difference between the two is the rate of the effect elicited. Ion gated channels produce a rapid effect via an ion influx through the activated channels (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). On the other hand, G-protein-coupled receptors work much slower after activation due to the cascade of enzymes needed to elicit the second messenger system (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016).Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Epigenetics

Epigenetics is a complex field of study that tends to look at genetics and their function with the environment in causing illness. Sadock et al. (2015) mentions that behavior and environment can change the way your genes function without causing changes in gene DNA. Because the DNA sequence is not altered, changes can still occur, making plasticity possible (Rasool et al., 2015). In pharmacology, epigenetics has its role in determining how a patient will respond to drug therapy. Also, some medications can possibly reverse illnesses by having an epigenetic effect themselves.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Prescribing medications

All the information gathered in the above sections has a tremendous place in the art of prescribing medication. When it comes to agonist-antagonist effects, knowing how a medication works gives the practitioner an idea of what medications should or should not be prescribed together. Epigenetics can help us understand how an individual may or may not react to a medication. So, prescribing certain medications may or may not be effective and should be looked at cautiously. In the world of psychology, getting the correct medicines ordered can mean a world of difference. In one patient case, an individual had been prescribed several different antidepressants without any change in clinical presentation. The patient became more and more hopeless until she found the provider that this author is currently doing a clinical rotation with. The PMHNP suggested genetic testing that would inform of which medications would have the most efficacy with metabolism and gene function. The patient is now doing well on her current medication.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

References

Berg, K. A., & Clarke, W. P. (2018). Making sense of pharmacology: Inverse agonism and functional selectivity. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(10), 962–977. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy071

Camprodon, J. A., & Roffman, J. L. (2016). Psychiatric neuroscience: Incorporating pathophysiology into clinical case formulation. In T. A. Stern, M. Favo, T. E. Wilens, & J. F. Rosenbaum. (Eds.), Massachusetts General Hospital psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics (pp. 1–19).

Del Pozo, B., & Rich, J. D. (2020). Revising our attitudes towards agonist medications and their diversion in a time of pandemic. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 119, 108139. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108139

Rasool, M., Malik, A., Naseer, M. I., Manan, A., Ansari, S., Begum, I., Qazi, M. H., Pushparaj, P., Abuzenadah, A. M., Al-Qahtani, M. H., Kamal, M. A., & Gan, S. (2015). The role of epigenetics in personalized medicine: Challenges and opportunities. BMC Medical Genomics, 8 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), S5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-8794-8-S1-S5

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

2.) Responde to Marisa ‘s post below

If Marisa B’S posts influenced your understanding of these concepts, be sure to share how and why. Include additional insights you gained.
If you think you might have misunderstood these concepts, offer your alternative perspective and be sure to provide an explanation for them. Include resources to support your perspective.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.
Respond to Marisa’s post below with 5 sentences only and 2 refrences.

Marisa B ‘s post.
As a prescriber, it is crucial to understand how medications affect the brain. With this knowledge, we can choose the drug that would have the highest probability of delivering the desired outcome. Ligands, proteins that bind to the receptors, can cause or prevent receptors from producing a physiological reaction (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Agonists bind to receptors and initiate a biological response (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Antagonists block agonists\’ action, thus preventing a biological response (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021).

Agonists can be naturally occurring in the body or received into the body from medications (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Partial agonists bind to receptors partially with decreased efficacy compared to full and endogenous agonists (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Inverse agonists trigger receptors to exert the opposite of the expected psychopharmacologic treatment (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Psychopharmacology relies heavily on the understanding of brain functions and the effects of medications when treating various disorders.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

G couple proteins and ion gated channels are two important entry points targeted by psychiatric medication. G couple protein receptors (GPCRs) are the biggest group of membrane receptors targeted by pharmacotherapeutics (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). GPCRs bind with external stimuli and transfer signals into the cell by acting as a power switch (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). Ion gated channels are pores in the cellular membrane that allow ions to pass in and out of the cell (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). The most crucial ion channels regulate calcium, sodium, chloride, and potassium (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). These channels can be modified by certain medications (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). Ion channels produce rapid responses, whereas GPCRs illicit slower neuronal actions (Johnson & Lovinger, 2016).Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Epigenetics focuses on the study of how behavior and environment can alter gene function (CDC, n.d.). These heritable alterations can change the way the body reads DNA (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic alterations cannot change the DNA chain and are transformable (CDC, n.d.). With the knowledge of these epigenetic alterations, medications can be designed to target specific genetic changes (Sriram & Insel, 2018). Epigenetics influence on pharmacogenomics can lead to improved outcomes for patients with the development of personalized medications (Kasool et al., 2015).

SSRIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin into the neuron, and tricyclic antidepressants affect several receptors in the body (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). The PMHNP needs to be aware of these mechanisms when prescribing medication for a patient newly diagnosed with mild depression. SSRIs would be more appropriate for this patient due to reduced side effects (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Psychiatric neuroscience pharmacology acknowledges the impact of cellular and synaptic changes in the brain and how targeted drugs can address clinical symptoms (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). With continued epigenetic research, expectations include best patient outcomes, decreased health cost, and overall improvement of population health.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

If jennifer’Sposts influenced your understanding of these concepts, be sure to share how and why. Include additional insights you gained.

If you think your might have misunderstood these concepts, offer your alternative perspective and be sure to provide an explanation for them. Include resources to support your perspective.

Respond to Jennifer”s post below with 5 sentences only and 2 refrences.

At this point in everyone’s academic careers, there should be a full understanding that nursing is scientifically based. MSN, after all, does stand for Master of Science in Nursing. So, it should be no surprise that one must know the fundamental basics of how medications act in and on the human body in prescribing medication. These concepts are referred to as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The purpose of this discussion post will be to explore and explain some of these concepts and discuss how this information will impact this author’s practice of prescribing.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Agonist; Antagonist; Partial and Inverse Agonist

Agonist, Partial Agonist

In psychopharmacology, a vast majority of the medications that are prescribed work by way of their interaction with neurotransmitters and their receptors. These medications can include agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, an inverse agonist. With agonist medications, they are known to activate receptors causing a mimicking reaction of what the body already has the full capacity of doing (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). An example of this action can be seen with the opioid agonist medication buprenorphine. Buprenorphine is used in opioid use disorder because it mimics dopamine and decreased cravings and withdrawal symptoms in those that are addicted (Del Pozo& Rich, 2020). The medications that act as an agonist need to have an affinity to specific receptors and the ability to activate that receptor, which is otherwise known as intrinsic activity (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). A partial agonist works in the same manner but to a lesser effect of a full agonist. Rosenthal and Burchum (2021) also explain that a partial agonist can function as both antagonists and agonists.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Antagonist

Inverse Agonist

The word inverse means to be opposite. So, an inverse agonist would have the opposite effect of an agonist. This could be confused with an antagonist, but the antagonist merely blocks the agonist’s receptor without producing a response. An inverse agonist then has what is known as a negative intrinsic efficacy, which causes decreased activity of a receptor (Berg & Clarke et al., 2018)Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Partial and Inverse Agonist Impact on treatment

G Coupled Proteins and Ion Gated Channels

G-coupled-proteins and ion gated channels are receptors on the surface of a cell that responds to chemical messengers (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016). These two receptors are an integral part of cell communication. Both receptors are activated by neurotransmitters on the post-synaptic neurons, creating an effect (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016). The significant difference between the two is the rate of the effect elicited. Ion gated channels produce a rapid effect via an ion influx through the activated channels (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016). On the other hand, G-protein-coupled receptors work much slower after activation due to the cascade of enzymes needed to elicit the second messenger system (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016).Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Epigenetics

Prescribing medications

References

Camprodon, J. A., &Roffman, J. L. (2016). Psychiatric neuroscience: Incorporating pathophysiology into clinical case formulation. In T. A. Stern, M. Favo, T. E. Wilens, & J. F. Rosenbaum. (Eds.), Massachusetts General Hospital psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics (pp. 1–19).

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

2.)Responde to Marisa ‘s post below

If Marisa B’S posts influenced your understanding of these concepts, be sure to share how and why. Include additional insights you gained.

If you think you might have misunderstood these concepts, offer your alternative perspective and be sure to provide an explanation for them. Include resources to support your perspective.

Respond to Marisa’s post below with 5 sentences only and 2 refrences.

Marisa B‘s post.

As a prescriber, it is crucial to understand how medications affect the brain. With this knowledge, we can choose the drug that would have the highest probability of delivering the desired outcome. Ligands, proteins that bind to the receptors, can cause or prevent receptors from producing a physiological reaction (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Agonists bind to receptors and initiate a biological response (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Antagonists block agonists’ action, thus preventing a biological response (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021).Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

G couple proteins and ion gated channels are two important entry points targeted by psychiatric medication. G couple protein receptors (GPCRs) are the biggest group of membrane receptors targeted by pharmacotherapeutics (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016). GPCRs bind with external stimuli and transfer signals into the cell by acting as a power switch (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016). Ion gated channels are pores in the cellular membrane that allow ions to pass in and out of the cell (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016). The most crucial ion channels regulate calcium, sodium, chloride, and potassium (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016). These channels can be modified by certain medications (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016). Ion channels produce rapid responses, whereas GPCRs illicit slower neuronal actions (Johnson &Lovinger, 2016).Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Epigenetics focuses on the study of how behavior and environment can alter gene function (CDC, n.d.). These heritable alterations can change the way the body reads DNA (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016). Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic alterations cannot change the DNA chain and are transformable (CDC, n.d.). With the knowledge of these epigenetic alterations, medications can be designed to target specific genetic changes (Sriram &Insel, 2018). Epigenetics influence on pharmacogenomics can lead to improved outcomes for patients with the development of personalized medications (Kasool et al., 2015).

SSRIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin into the neuron, and tricyclic antidepressants affect several receptors in the body (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). The PMHNP needs to be aware of these mechanisms when prescribing medication for a patient newly diagnosed with mild depression. SSRIs would be more appropriate for this patient due to reduced side effects (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). Psychiatric neuroscience pharmacology acknowledges the impact of cellular and synaptic changes in the brain and how targeted drugs can address clinical symptoms (Camprodon&Roffman, 2016). With continued epigenetic research, expectations include best patient outcomes, decreased health cost, and overall improvement of population health.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Thank you for your post. I strongly agree with your psychopharmacology concept, indicating that most of the prescribed medication operates in an individual by interacting with both neurotransmitters and receptors. Moreso, when referring to an agonist medication should be capable of activating particular receptors in the brain region(Stansley& Conn, 2019). In support of your statement about full agonist opioid, there is the likelihood of activation of the opioid receptors that are found in the brain leading to the full opioid effectiveness. Still, the referred medication as an agonist should portray high affinity for the receptors to yield with a full agonist.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

Besides, I also agree about G coupled protein since they are the largest protein group comprising of 600-1000 members, they can respond to some of the chemical messengers. On the other hand, Gated channels are a form of receptors that can communicate through the exchange of material in and out of the cell. More so, epigenetics can be referred to as the gene representation without alteration of a particular genome sequence(Lazzarotto et al., 2020). On the same point, I back up the idea that in a pharmacology context, genes can measure a patient’s response to certain drug therapy. Finally, medicine prescription is a significant act that enables professional to determine the right type of drug to act best to the patient’s immune system as well as neuro system. Therefore, as a medical practitioner, it is important to have a neuroscience background to dispense medication that will efficiently work with metabolism and the gene function.Wk 2 Disc Response for Pysch Pharm Essay.

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